Selective adsorption and stable solidification of radioactive cesium ions by porous silica gels loaded with insoluble ferrocyanides

Development of highly functional cesium selective adsorbents for the decontamination of high-activity-level water(HALW) from the Fukushima NPP-1 accident is very urgent. In order to selectively adsorb the radioactive cesium, three kinds of novel porous silica gels loaded with insoluble ferrocyanides(SLFC) were prepared using a successive impregnation/precipitation method. Based on the results of previous research, the SLFC composites have relatively large uptake ratio above 95%, distribution coefficients(Kd) above 103 cm3/g, and excellent adsorption kinetics even in seawater. The solidification results also indicate that zeolites have an excellent Cs immobilization characteristic, gas-trapping and self-sintering abilities, and low leachability. We chose three kinds of SLFC composites to achieve the optimization of solidification by mixing with nine kinds of additives at high temperatures(up to 1200 °C). The Cs contents in the three composites were estimated to be below 30% of the initial contents and decreased with the three stages at calcination temperatures ranging from 25 to 1200 °C. By contrast, the Cs immobilization ratio was markedly lowered by mixing with additives: of those, allophane had the best immobilization result. By increasing the additive ratio to 50 wt%, the Cs immobilization ratio became almost 100% and no volatilization of Cs was detected even after calcination at 1200 °C. This result indicates that calcination of the mixture of SLFC composites after adsorbing Cs+ ions and specific additives under appropriate ratio is effective for stable solidification.     

Visible‐Light‐Induced Generation of H2 by Nanocomposites of Few‐Layer TiS2 and TaS2 with CdS Nanoparticles

Graphene analogues of TaS₂ and TiS₂ (3–4 layers), prepared by Li intercalation followed by exfoliation in water, were characterized. Nanocomposites of CdS with few‐layer TiS₂ and TaS₂ were employed for the visible‐light‐induced H₂ evolution reaction (HER). Benzyl alcohol was used as the sacrificial electron donor, which was oxidized to benzaldehyde during the reaction. Few‐layer TiS₂ is a semiconductor with a band gap of 0.7 eV, and its nanocomposite with CdS showed an activity of 1000 μmol h^?1 g^?1_. The nanocomposite of few‐layer TaS₂, in contrast, gave rise to higher activity of 2320 μmol h^?1 g^?1, which was attributed to the metallic nature of few‐layer TaS₂. The amount of hydrogen evolved after 20 and 16 h for the CdS/TiS₂ and CdS/TaS₂ nanocomposites was 14833 and 28132 μmol, respectively, with turnover frequencies of 0.24 and 0.57 h^?1, respectively.     

Facile deposition of cobalt oxide based electrocatalyst on low-cost and tin-free electrode for water splitting

Facile deposition of a water-splitting catalyst on low-cost electrode materials could be attractive for hydrogen production from water and solar energy conversion. Herein we describe fast electrodeposition of cobalt-based water oxidation catalyst(Co-WOC) on simple graphite electrode for water splitting. The deposition process is quite fast, which reaches a plateau in less than 75 min and the final current density is～1.8 mA/cm2under the applied potential of 1.31 V at pH = 7.0. The scanning electron microscopy(SEM) study shows the formation of nanometer-sized particles(10-100 nm) on the surface of the electrode after only 2 min and micrometer-sized particles(2-5 μm) after 90 min of electrolysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) data demonstrate the as-synthesized ex-situ catalyst mainly contains Co2+and Co3+species incorporating a substantial amount of phosphate anions. These experiments suggest that cost-efficient cobalt oxide materials on graphite exhibit alluring ability for water splitting, which might provide a novel method to fabricate low-cost devices for electrochemical energy storage.     

循环荷载作用下心墙掺砾土动应力应变孔压模型

动力荷载作用下,心墙掺砾土的累积塑性变形和孔隙水压力的发展对心墙防渗体的安全至关重要.基于Bouc-Wen光滑滞回模型,考虑滞回圈捏拢效应,结合非关联流动法则,建立本构模型,模拟循环过程中土体产生的累积塑性应变和增长的孔压.通过糯扎渡心墙掺砾土均压固结和偏压固结状态的循环三轴试验,研究其动应力应变关系及孔压响应.将模型曲线与试验曲线进行对比分析,验证模型描述掺砾土动应力应变关系的合理性和有效性.     

基于生物-生态耦合工艺的农村生活污水处理研究

开发低投资、低能耗、低维护的生活污水处理工艺是解决农村污水处理问题的关键。采用无动力升流式厌氧生物滤池(UAF)与潜流式人工湿地(SFW)耦合工艺处理农村生活污水,考察了耦合工艺在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下对生活污水的处理效果,并通过增加SFW内的植株密度改善脱氮除磷效果。结果表明:UAF与SFW耦合工艺无动力消耗,免维护,适合农村地区的生活污水处理,对氮、磷的去除主要依靠SFW阶段完成,通过增加芦苇的植株密度可以明显增强SFW内生物的脱氮除磷能力,并保证UAF与SFW耦合工艺的处理性能稳定在较高水平。在t(HRT)UAF=18h,t(HRT)SFW=3d的条件下,UAF与SFW耦合工艺出水COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷的平均质量浓度分别为44.07,4.25,13.36和0.44mg/L,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准。     

单原子催化剂在电化学中的研究进展

目前单原子催化剂的研究呈现爆发式增长, 已然成为材料科学和催化领域的明星材料和研究热点. 前期报道的单原子催化剂研究主要针对某一个应用方向进行探讨, 较少研究催化剂的双功能或多功能应用. 近年来, 为了拓展单原子催化剂在更多领域和方向的应用, 具有双功能甚至多功能的单原子催化剂的设计开发备受关注. 本文综合评述了近年来具有双功能活性的单原子催化剂的研究进展, 重点介绍了其在电化学领域中的最新应用研究. 最后, 对具有双功能活性的单原子催化剂发展研究中存在的问题进行了简要分析, 并对未来发展前景进行了展望.     

硫化钴装饰BiVO4光阳极提升其光电化学水分解性能

太阳能驱动的光电化学(PEC)水分解可以有效地将太阳能转化为化学能,作为解决环境排放和能源危机最具前景的途径之一,已经引起了科学界的广泛关注.PEC水分解系统由两个半反应组成:在光阳极上的析氧反应(OER)和光阴极上的析氢反应(HER).PEC系统的太阳能转化效率主要由光阳极/电解质界面的OER过程所决定,这是一个非常复杂且涉及质子偶联的多步四电子转移过程.钒酸铋(BiVO₄)是应用于PEC水分解的典型且具有实际应用前景的光阳极材料之一.然而,由于不良的表面电荷转移、电荷在光阳极/电解质结面处的表面复合以及缓慢的OER动力学等因素,导致BiVO₄的PEC性能受到严重限制.本文开发了一种新颖有效的解决方案,以低成本、高电导率和具有快速电荷转移能力的硫化钴装饰来提升BiVO₄光阳极的PEC活性,X射线多晶衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等表征,研究结果表明CoS成功装饰于BiVO₄表面.采用紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-VisDRS)研究了BiVO₄和复合光阳极CoS/BiVO₄的光学性质,结果表明,与纯的BiVO₄相比,CoS/BiVO₄光阳极在可见光范围内光吸收能力有所增强.将制备的BiVO₄和CoS/BiVO₄光阳极应用于PEC分解水实验中,结果表明,相对于1.23 V可逆氢电极,在光照下,CoS/BiVO₄光阳极的光电流密度显著提升,可高达3.2 m Acm^-2,是纯BiVO₄的2.5倍以上.与纯BiVO₄相比,CoS/BiVO₄光阳极的起始氧化电位显示出负向偏移0.2 V,表明析氧过电势得到有效减小.入射光子转换效率(IPCE)测试结果表明,CoS/BiVO₄光阳极的入射光子转换效率在500 nm之前的可见光范围内得到明显提升,其中,CoS/BiVO₄的IPCE值在380 nm处达到最大.此外,由于CoS的装饰作用,CoS/BiVO₄光阳极的电荷注入效率和电荷分离效率均得到较大的提升,分别达到75.8%(相较于纯BiVO₄光阳极的36.7%)和79.8%(相较于纯BiVO₄光阳极的66.8%).电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试结果表明,通过CoS的装饰,CoS/BiVO₄光阳极的界面电荷转移电阻得到有效降低,证明其界面电荷转移动力学得到有效提升.光致发光光谱测试结果表明,CoS的装饰显著提高了BiVO₄的光生电子-空穴对的分离效率,进一步证明BiVO₄表面的CoS装饰在其PEC分解水中起着非常积极的作用.本文为通过表面修饰设计应用于PEC水分解的有效的光阳极提供了新思路.     

Anaerobic biological treatment of dye bearing water in anaerobic sequencing batch reactor: Performance and kinetics studies

Textile and dye industries are main sources of dye bearing effluent. In present studies the anaerobic biological degradation of Acid Red 3BN dye water (AR3BNDW) and mixed dye water (MDW) for reduction of color and COD were studied in sequential batch reactor (SBR). The sludge as sources of microorganism was arranged from maize processing bio methanation wastewater treatment plant, which was acclimatized for treatment of AR3BNDW and MDW. After the acclimatization, dyes degradation were studied in SBR At optimum operation condition of hydraulics retention time (HRT) = 2.5 d, and treatment time (t_R) = 16 h, AR3BNDW have gone maximum 87% color reduction of 500 mg/L dye, and 82.8% COD reduction of 380 mg/L COD. At same operating condition, 84.5% color reduction of 500 mg/L dye, and 79.42% COD reduction of 413 mg/L COD achieved for MDW. The second order Grau model was fitted well for COD and dye reductions. The kinetics parameter were evaluated for both the dye water.