Microchemical and Microstructural Characterization of the Early Stages of the Discontinuous Precipitation Reaction in Al-22 at.% Zn Alloy

High-spatial energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis has been applied in order to reveal changes of chemical composition accompanying the formation of the lamellar structure due to discontinuous precipitation reaction in Al-22at.% Zn alloy. The line-scans performed in the reaction zone have shown that the region left behind the grain boundary (GB) after its displacement from the original position is solute depleted, similar to the de-alloying case of diffusion induced grain boundary migration. This enables the allotriomorphs to be transformed into solute-rich lamellae and development of lamellar + structure, especially if the GB moves in the direction perpendicular to its original location. If the direction of movement is strongly inclined to the original location of the GB, the growth usually stops after a short period of time, mainly due to formation of the precipitation free zone (PFZ) ahead of the reaction front. The detailed EDX examination revealed that there is a sharp change in solute content at the lamella/PFZ and PFZ/matrix alloy interfaces. The solute content in the PFZ is lower than in the neighbouring lamella and it corresponds to the equilibrium state. Therefore, one can suppose that the PFZ is formed due to backward movement of the reaction front in order to consume the excess of solute atoms stored in the lamellae in comparison with the equilibrium state. As soon as the equilibrium state is attained within the PFZ, the growth of the colony is completed.     

Diffusion Along Migrating Grain Boundaries

The paper summarizes recent experiments on diffusion at migrating grain boundaries (GBs) occurring during discontinuous reactions, like discontinuous precipitation (DP) and diffusion induced grain boundary migration. Analytical electron microscopy was used for measurements of the solute concentration across individual solute-depleted lamellae. These data combined with information on the growth velocity and the thickness of an individual lamella allowed the determination of the local values of the diffusivities of the moving reaction front of the DP cell in Al–Zn, Ni–Sn, Cu–In and Co–Al alloys. The obtained diffusivities and activation energies are very similar to the relevant parameters of stationary GBs. This allows us to conclude that there is no significant difference in the rates of diffusion along migrating and stationary GBs in the systems investigated. It is therefore believed that the diffusivity values of the moving reaction front of the DP reaction can be a source of reliable information on interfacial diffusion characteristics, especially in systems and/or at temperatures where radiotracer data are not readily available.     

质量互变规律在基础化学运动中的应用

从"物质的量"及"运动的量"的改变引起物质性质的改变的实例,说明了质量互变规律在化学中的应用,有助于理解、掌握化学运动的基本规律.     

Involvement of nitric oxide in the signal transduction of salicylic acid regulating stomatal movement

The effects and the relationship between sali-cylic acid(SA)and nitric oxide(NO) on Vicia faba L.stomatal movement were studied.The results here showed that exogenous SA and NO induced stomatal closure,100μmol/L SA induced a rapid and striking NO increase in the cytosol of guard cells.This phenomenon was largely prevented by 2000μmol/L 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-l-oxyl-3-oxide(PTIO),a specific NO scavenger,and 25μmol/L N^G-nitro-L-Arg-methyl eater (L-NAME),an inhibitor of NO synthase(NOS) in mammalian cells that also inhibits plant NOS.In addition,SA-induced stomatal closure was largely prevented by PTIO and L-NAME.These results provide evidence that guard cells generate NO in response to SA via NOS-like activity,and that such NO production is required for full stomatal closure in response to SA.H-(1,2,4)-oxadiazole-[4,3-α]quinoxalin-l-one(ODQ),an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase,and nicotinamide,an antagonist of cADPR production,inhibited the effects of SA-and NO-induced stomatal closure.It suggests that both cGMP and cADPR might mediate the signal transduction of SA and NO-induced stomatal closure.     

大气消光特性与机载激光雷达眼睛安全关系的研究

依据美国ANSI标准，定量分析了气溶胶、卷云和沙尘的垂直消光特性对机载激光雷达激光脉冲眼睛安全最大阈值能量的影响；以地基激光雷达探测得到的合肥上空沙尘暴为例，定量给出了大气中各成分消光特性对飞机眼睛安全最低高度的影响；模拟计算了各种大气成分的消光特性对激光脉冲眼睛安全系数的影响随高度的变化规律。计算结果表明：沙尘层对激光脉冲眼睛安全最大阈值能量的影响幅度可达几十毫焦。该结果为我国第一台机载大气探测激光雷达激光脉冲能量设置提供了基本依据。     

基于视频图像的人脸定位方法

给出了一种视频图像中的人脸定位方法,该方法首先通过一种平均帧差的方法检测人体运动区域;然后根据人脸分布的特点,采用水平投影的方法在运动区域里分离人脸和身体;最后根据人脸器官的分布规律,利用k-means的聚类算法对人眼进行定位.实验表明,该方法简单、高效,而且不依赖于人脸肤色,在一定范围内能很好地适应光照变化,能满足实时系统的要求.     

基于背景重建的序列图像车辆目标检测方法

针对静态摄像条件下视频序列图像,提出一种基于背景重建的序列图像车辆目标检测方法.该法先选取一帧图像存入背景缓冲区,然后根据当前帧图像与前一帧图像、背景图像的差分信息对背景缓冲区的背景进行更新.通过运动区域检测、噪声去除、连通单元标记、目标提取、阴影检测等处理,能获取完整的车辆目标区域.实验结果表明,该方法快速、准确,具有较好的实用价值.     

接近式光刻衍射光场的快速计算机模拟

接近式光刻中一般采用柯勒照明系统,并采用蝇眼透镜形成多点光源均匀掩模面的光场分布.利用基尔霍夫衍射理论及多点光源的衍射光场非相干叠加方法,对光刻胶表面的衍射光场进行了快速计算机模拟,并与霍普金斯理论计算结果进行了分析比较.结果表明采用基尔霍夫衍射理论及多点光源的衍射光场非相干叠加的模型不仅快速而且也可以比较准确地模拟接近式光刻的衍射光场分布.     

浅谈运动控制技术的发展现状及应用前景

运动控制技术日益受到世界各国的高度重视,已成为机电一体化的关键技术。特别是由面向传统数控加工行业专用的运动控制技术发展为面向各行业的开放的、能结合具体应用要求的先进运动控制技术后,更彰显出其巨大的发展潜力。本文从运动控制技术的产生、现状及发展趋势等方面探讨了运动控制技术的发展。     

定轴旋转参照系中物体的运动规律

利用旋转非惯性系中的基本动力学方程,导出在定轴旋转参照系中物体运动的基本规律,以及物体动量守恒和动量矩守恒的条件.