Sn/Ge(1 1 1) α-phase: characterization of image resonances by specular electron reflection and selective electron scattering

Image potential resonances on the Sn/Ge(1 1 1) α-phase are investigated by two closely related methods: specular electron reflection and so-called selective electron scattering. Electrons from image resonances are detected on this surface at 120 and 300 K, i.e. below and above the phase transition at about 200 K. The dispersion of the image resonances reveals at these two temperatures equivalent effective electron masses, which are characteristic for this type of electronic surface states. The results of the two methods are consistent according to the similarity of the scattering processes. Changes in the loss peak intensity with the annealing temperature are assigned to the surface quality and are reflected by characteristic photoemission intensities.     

Determination of Hydrogen Single Ion Activity Coefficients in Aqueous HCl Solutions at 25°C

The single ion activity coefficients of hydrogen and chloride ions in aqueous HCl solutions have been estimated at 25°C at concentrations up to 1 mol-kg^–1, using potentiometric measurements with ion-selective electrodes and appropriate calibration procedures. Two methods are described for an internal calibration of the electrodes in the extended Debye–Hückel concentration range. The results are compared to the conventional pH calibration with external buffer solutions. Since the latter calibration method does not account for the liquid junction potential E _J which arises at the reference electrode, the resulting activity coefficients are quite different in HCl solutions of higher concentration. These differences between internal and external calibration decrease significantly, when a correction for E _J is introduced into the conventional pH calibration. Hence, in solutions of higher ionic strength the accuracy of the conventional pH electrode calibration using buffer solutions is very limited, when exact H⁺ activities are required. The consistency of the results indicates that the liquid junction potentials in the examined systems calculated by the Henderson/Bates approximation are of reasonable precision.     

学年学分制模式下的高校学生工作探索

我国目前大多数高校采用学年学分制,与学年制和完全学分制不同,它以学分为计量单位,按学年或学期作为结算时段确定学生的降级和退学标准,有相对固定的修业年限。文章对该模式下的学生工作进行初步探讨,提出了进一步完善辅导员制度、加强班集体建设等系列措施。     

COSMIC(90): An improved molecular mechanics treatment of hydrocarbons and conjugated systems

Summary Four modifications to the COSMIC molecular mechanics force field are described, which greatly increase both its versatility and the accuracy of calculated conformational energies. The Hill non-bonded van der Waals potential function has been replaced by a two-parameter Morse curve and a new H-H potential, similar to that in MM3, incorporated. Hydrocarbon energies in particular are much improved.A simple iterative Hückel pi-electron molecular orbital calculation allows modelling of conjugated systems. Calculated bond lengths and rotational barriers for a series of conjugated hydrocarbons and nitrogen heterocycles are shown to be as accurate as those determined by the MM2 SCF method.Explicit hydrogen-bonding potentials for H-bond acceptor-donor atom pairs have been included to give better hydrogen bond energies and lengths. The van der Waals radii of protonic hydrogens are reduced to 0.5 Å and the energy well depth is increased to 1.0 kcal mol^-1.Two new general atom types, N⁺ _sp ² and O^- _sp ³ , have been introduced which allow a wide variety of charged conjugated systems to be studied. A minimum of parameterisation is required, as the new types are easily included in the Hückel scheme which automatically adjusts bond and torsional parameters according to the defined bond-order relationships.     

温度对荒漠沙蜥在体心脏单相动作电位的影响

采用吸附式电极记录了荒漠沙蜥在不同体温条件下 ,在体心脏的单相动作电位 (MAP:Monophasic Action Potential) .实验温度为 :5℃ ,10℃ ,15℃ ,2 0℃ ,2 5℃ ,30℃和 35℃ 7个温度等级 .结果表明 :(1)在最适温度 (2 0～ 2 5℃ )时 ,荒漠沙蜥心脏单相动作电位的基本波形与高等动物及人类基本相似 ;但也有其特殊性 :动作电位 0期除极期最大幅值为 11.4 2± 2 .5 8m V;复极 2期电位幅值基本保持恒定 ,呈平台期 (PP2 :Plateau Phase2 ) ;在复极 3期末 ,电位基本恢复到 0电位(膜电位为 0 m V) .(2 )随着体温的升高 (5～ 35℃ ) ,荒漠沙蜥心脏单相动作电位时程呈温度依赖性减小 ;0期最大除极速度 (Vmax)呈温度依赖性增加 (5℃为 77.0 8± 4 7.11m V/ms;35℃为 614.63±10 5 . 0 2 m V/ms) ;低于最适温度时 (2 0～ 2 5℃ ) ,在 2相平台期末 ,又出现一次除极电位 (后隆起波 ) .其最大电位为 0 .5 8± 0 .18m V.(3)随着体温的升高 ,荒漠沙蜥心脏单相动作电位复极 1期电位呈温度依赖性降低 (5℃为 2 .2 4± 1.31m V/ms;35℃为 0 .82± 0 .4 9m V/ms) .(4 )心电图 (ECG)的同步记录表明 :心电图中的 QRS波与心脏单相动作电位 0期除极完全相对应 ;T波与动作电位的复极 3期相对应 .     

Rescaled mean spherical approximation structure factor for an aqueous suspension of polystyrene spheres

Rescaled mean spherical approximation (RMSA) has been used to calculate the structure factor for the aqueous suspension of polystyrene macroions with the interaction potential taken according to Derjaguin and Landau (1941) and Verwey and Overbeek (1948) (DLVO) model. The effects of charge over the macroion and size on the surface potential and therefore, the structure factor have been studied. The breakdown of the DLVO potential with an excess charge over the macroion (⩾800e) has been reported. The oscillation in the first peak height of structure factor versus wave vector curve with size has been correlated with the Debye length.     

The role of binder mobility in spontaneous adhesive contact and implications for cell adhesion

The standard view of mechanical adhesive contact is as a competition between a reduction in free energy when surfaces with bonding potential come into contact and an increase in free energy due to elastic deformation that is required to make these surfaces conform. An equilibrium state is defined by an incremental balance between these effects, akin to the Griffith crack growth criterion. In the case of adhesion of biological cells, the molecules that tend to form surface-to-surface bonds are confined to the cell wall but they are mobile within the wall, adding a new phenomenon of direct relevance to adhesive contact. In this article, the process of adhesive contact of an initially curved elastic plate to a flat surface is studied for the case in which the binders that account for adhesion are able to migrate within the plate. This is done by including entropic free energy of the binder distribution in the total free energy of the system. By adopting a constitutive assumption that binders migrate at a speed proportional to the local gradient in chemical potential, the transient growth of an adhesion zone due to binder transport is analyzed. For the case of a plate of very large extent, the problem can be solved in closed form, whereas numerical methods are invoked for the case of a plate of limited extent. Results are presented on the rate of growth of an adhesion zone in terms of system parameters, on the evolution of the distribution of binders and, in the case of a plate of limited extent, on the long-term limiting size of the adhesion zone.     

夫兰克─赫兹实验中温度的选择

本文讨论了气体击穿、空间电行与温度的关系，给出了测定原子第一激发电位和电离电位曲线时选择温度应遵循的规律．     

氩等离子体物态方程的TF简化模型

对于高温高压下氩等离子体的电离度和物态方程,本文给出了一种基于Thomas-Feimi(TF)统计模型的简化计算新方法:首先将TF模型电离势的数值结果进行函数逼近,给出一个便于数值求解的计算电离度的近似计算方法,并由此计算了局部热动平衡下的氩等离子体在10～1000 eV高温范围内的物态方程.计算结果与国外报道的其他几种理论模型的计算结果均符合很好,与实验值也吻合较好.本文所提出的简单模型也适用于计算混合物物态方程,可以在电磁发射技术领域中的强电离等离子体中有更为广阔的应用前景.     

Two-Dimensional Coulomb Systems on a Surface of Constant Negative Curvature

We study the equilibrium statistical mechanics of classical two-dimensional Coulomb systems living on a pseudosphere (an infinite surface of constant negative curvature). The Coulomb potential created by one point charge exists and goes to zero at infinity. The pressure can be expanded as a series in integer powers of the density (the virial expansion). The correlation functions have a thermodynamic limit, and remarkably that limit is the same one for the Coulomb interaction and some other interaction law. However, special care is needed for defining a thermodynamic limit of the free energy density. There are sum rules expressing the property of perfect screening. These generic properties can be checked on the Debye–Hückel approximation, and on two exactly solvable models, the one-component plasma and the two-component plasma, at some special temperature.