Preparation of epoxidized Eucommia ulmoides gum and its application in styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR)/silica composites

In this article, we primarily introduced a method to prepare epoxidized Eucommia ulmoides gum (EEUG) and studied its application as interfacial additive in styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR)/silica composites. We prepared the EEUG from the Eucommia gum extract solution using E. ulmoides leaves pretreated with enzymatic solutions as the raw material, petroleum ether as the solvent, and peracetic acid (CH₃COOOH) as the oxidant under a certain temperature. Accordingly, we focused on studying the effects of a series of factors, such as the mole ratio (γ) of peracetic acid to double bonds of Eucommia gum and reaction time on the epoxidation degree and crystallization degree of Eucommia gum in the epoxidation process, in order to control the properties of the EEUG. Regarding the study of the application of EEUG in SBR/silica composites, we found that the addition of EEUG greatly promoted the properties of SBR/silica composites by improving the dispersion of silica in SBR composites, which possessed excellent mechanical properties, including higher tensile strength, tear strength, 100 and 300% modulus, wear resistance, and low heat buildup. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A comparison of rheokinetics on static and shear crosslinking processes of xanthan gum

The crosslinking process of xanthan gum was studied under static and shear conditions. Conventional rotational rheometer was adopted to study the shear crosslinking process, and the static crosslinking process was monitored using an optical microrheometer without physical contact between the instrument and the sample. Both experiment and numerical simulation were adopted to compare the two gelation processes at different temperatures. The results showed that the effects of temperature on static and shear crosslinking processes of xanthan gum have the same trend and the rheological curves of the two gelation processes are similar in shape. The same rheokinetics equations were established to describe the two gelation processes and the simulated values are in good agreement with the experimental data. The changes of the model parameters with respect to temperature are quite similar for both the gelation processes, which verifies the feasibility of the microrheology method for measuring the static crosslinking reaction.     

Physical stability of oil-in-water emulsions in the presence of gamma irradiated gum tragacanth

Gum tragacanth (GT) exuding from an Iranian Astragalus species was γ-irradiated at 0, 0.75, 1.5, 3, 5, 7, and 10?kGy and used to stabilize a model oil-in-water emulsion system. Stability and physicochemical properties of emulsion samples were investigated with respect to the effect of irradiation treatment on functional properties of gum tragacanth. Particle size distribution, interfacial tension, zeta potential, steady shear, and oscillatory rheological measurements were used to characterize and evaluate the emulsion samples and obtain more information about the possible stability mechanism. Emulsions were prepared by homogenizing 10% w/w sun flower oil with 90% w/w aqueous gum dispersions and stored quiescently at 25°C for 120 days. The results indicated that using 1.5?kGy irradiated GT was more effective in providing optimum values of apparent viscosity, number mean diameter, electrosteric repulsion, and structure strength for getting the maximum emulsion stability. GT significantly reduced the interfacial tension of the oil and water system, but no significant differences were observed among all irradiation treated and non-irradiated samples. This study revealed that GT acts as a bifunctional emulsifier and irradiation treatment has a great positive influence on its ability to reduce droplets’ collision frequency and stabilize the oil-in-water emulsion.     

Comparative Study on Microencapsulation of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) and Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) Essential Oils via Spray-Drying Technique

Essential oils have been studied for various applications, including for therapeutic purposes. There is extensive literature regarding their properties; however, their low stability limits their application. Generally, the microencapsulation of essential oils allows enhanced stability and enables the potential incorporation in solid dosage forms. Lavender and peppermint oils were encapsulated in microparticles using a spray-drying technique under optimized conditions: 170 °C temperature, 35 m³/h aspiration volume flow, and 7.5 mL/min feed flow. Arabic gum and maltodextrin were used as coating polymers individually in varying concentrations from 5 to 20% (w/v) and in combination. The microparticles were studied for morphology, particle size, oil content, and flowability. The formulated powder particles showed a high yield of 71 to 84%, mean diameter 2.41 to 5.99 µm, and total oil content of up to 10.80%. The results showed that both the wall material type and concentration, as well as the type of essential oil, significantly affected the encapsulation process and the final particle characteristics. Our study has demonstrated that the encapsulation of lavender and peppermint oils in Arabic gum/maltodextrin microparticles by spray-drying represents a feasible approach for the conversion of liquids into solids regarding their further use in powder technology.     

田菁胶、羟丙基田菁胶和瓜胶的分子量及其分布研究

用凝胶色谱（ＧＰＣ）法测定了羟丙基田菁胶（ＨＰＳ）、田菁胶（ＳＧ）和瓜胶原粉（ＧＧ）三种样品的分子量,其重均分子量顺序Ｍ＿（ＷＨＰＳ）＞Ｍ＿（ＷＧＧ）＞Ｍ＿（ＷＳＧ）,分子量范围为２．３×１０￣５～３．４×１０￣５,分散系数关系为Ｄ＿（ＨＰＳ）＝Ｄ＿（ＳＧ）＞Ｄ＿（ＧＧ）,并讨论了聚糖的多分散性与产品性能的关系。     

M/N型负载固体碱吸附胶质性能及再生方法的考察

对碱性物质 /多孔性物质 (M/N型 )负载固体碱吸附胶质性能及再生方法进行了试验研究。研究发现 ,M/N型负载固体碱对汽油胶质具有一定的吸附能力 ,以活化剂汽油溶液 (活化剂含量为 2 0 0 μg/ g)为再生溶剂 ,可有效地对吸附胶质失活后的固体碱进行再生。此外 ,汽油固体碱预碱洗的室内试验表明 ,M /N型负载固体碱预碱洗效果良好 ,可使脱臭装置的使用寿命明显延长 2倍以上。     

天然橡胶/杜仲胶复合材料的制备及其阻尼性能研究

在天然橡胶(NR)中引入杜仲胶(EUG),以环氧化天然橡胶(ENR)/受阻酚AO-80(质量比为25∶20)为阻尼相,制备了NR/EUG/ENR/AO-80复合材料,并测定了复合材料的硫化特性、力学性能、结晶性能与动态力学性能。结果表明：复合材料在常温范围内具有较高的损耗因子与较宽的阻尼温域,当NR与EUG的质量比为60∶40时复合材料具有最大的损耗因子峰值,并且随着EUG含量的增加,总体上复合材料在常温范围内的储能模量逐渐增大;复合材料的玻璃化转变温度出现在-60℃附近,并且随着EUG含量的增加,复合材料开始出现EUG结晶的熔融峰,结晶度和熔融温度逐渐增大。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测试结果表明复合材料的断面较为平整,ENR改善了两相的相容性;透射电子显微镜(TEM)测试结果表明NR与EUG两相之间具有明显的分界。复合材料在低应变下表现出高柔性的特点,同时具有较高的拉伸强度和拉断伸长率。     

松脂的催化歧化反应产物的气相色谱-质谱分析

采用气相色谱-质谱技术对松脂的催化歧化新工艺的反应产物进行分析,共分离出45个峰,鉴定出其中的38个化合物,并发现松脂歧化产物中歧化松节油的主要成分为对伞花烃,含量为16.26%;歧化松香的主要成分为脱氢枞酸和氢化树脂酸,其含量分别为41.58%和21.43%。在此基础上对松脂歧化反应过程进行了初步探讨,认为松脂原料中的酸性物质发生分子间氢转移反应,萜烯烃的存在促进了脱氢反应的进行;在树脂酸提供的酸性环境下松脂原料中中性油的主要成分双环单萜烯发生开环异构形成单环单萜烯,单环单萜烯再进行催化脱氢转化为对伞花烃。分析结果表明,直接以松脂为原料进行催化歧化反应可同时获得特级歧化松香和高含量的对伞花烃。     

羟丙基香豆胶的合成及结构表征

以天然香豆胶为原料,环氧丙烷(EP)为非离子醚化剂,NaOH为催化剂,异丙醇为分散剂制备了非离子型羟丙基香豆胶(HPFG).用MORGAN串联法测定HPFG的取代度(DS),研究了EP用量、NaOH用量、反应温度和反应时间对HPFG表观黏度和DS的影响.结果表明:当反应温度50℃,反应时间3 h,m(香豆胶)∶m(EP)∶m(异丙醇)∶m(NaOH)=1∶0.5∶1.7∶0.04时,制得的产品能满足油田工业评价指标要求,即表观黏度()η=560～1 000 mPa.s(w(HPFG)=1%)、DS=0.16～0.20,并用13C NMR进行表征.     

生物胶改良黏土抗崩解特性试验研究

为研究生物胶对黏土抗崩解性的影响,采用黄原胶、瓜尔胶及黄原胶与瓜尔胶质量比为1∶1混合的复合胶对黏土进行改良,通过抗崩解试验,探究生物胶的含量和种类、压实度对改良黏土抗崩解特性的影响规律,并结合扫描电镜试验进一步分析了生物胶的改良机理。结果表明:生物胶通过增强土体颗粒之间黏聚力增强改良黏土的抗崩解特性,其崩解破坏过程可分为稳定前崩解阶段、稳定崩解阶段及稳定后崩解阶段;随着生物胶含量的增大,改良黏土稳定前崩解阶段延长,崩解速率减缓,崩解率降低;复合胶改良黏土抗崩解特性在质量分数大于1.0%后强于单一生物胶;随着压实度的提升,试样抗崩解特性明显改善。