Inviscid,laminar and turbulent opposed flows

This paper attempts to reproduce numerically previous experimental findings with opposed flows and extends their range to quantify the effects of upstream pipes and nozzles with inviscid, laminar and turbulent flows. The choice of conservation equations, boundary conditions, algorithms for their solution, the degree of grid dependence, numerical diffusion and the validity of numerical approximations are justified with supporting calculations where necessary. The results of all calculations on the stagnation plane show maximum strain rates close to the annular exit from the nozzles and pipes for lower separations and it can be expected that corresponding reacting flows will tend to extinguish in this region with the extinction moving towards the axis. With laminar flows, the maximum strain rate increased with Reynolds number and the maximum values were generally greater than with inviscid flows and smaller than with turbulent flows. With large separations, the strain rates varied less and this explains some results with reacting flows where the extinction appeared to begin on the axis. The turbulent‐flow calculations allowed comparison of three common variants of a two‐equation first‐moment closure. They provided reasonable and useful indications of strain rates but none correctly represented the rms of velocity fluctuations on the axis and close to the stagnation plane. As expected, those designed to deal with this problem produced results in better agreement with experiment but were still imperfect. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A posteriori H1 error estimation for a singularly perturbed reaction diffusion problem on anisotropic meshes

The paper deals with a singularly perturbed reaction diffusionmodel problem. The focus is on reliable a posteriori error estimatorsfor the H¹ seminorm that can be applied to anisotropic finiteelement meshes. A residual error estimator and a local problemerror estimator are proposed and rigorously analysed. They arelocally equivalent, and both bound the error reliably. Threemodifications of these estimators are introduced and discussed. Much attention is given to the performance of the error estimatorin numerical experiments. This helps to identify those estimatorsthat are suitable for practical applications.     

Isospectral theory of Euler equations

Isospectral problem of both 2D and 3D Euler equations of inviscid fluids, is investigated. Connections with the Clay problem are described. Spectral theorem of the Lax pair is studied.     

Rheological properties of polyacrylates used as synthetic road binders

Most adhesives and binders, including bitumen for asphalt mixture production, are presently produced from petrochemicals after the refining of crude oil. The fact that crude oil reserves are a finite resource means that in the future, it may become necessary to produce these materials from alternative and probably renewable sources. Suitable resources of this kind may include polysaccharides, plant oils and proteins. This paper deals with the synthesis of polymer binders from monomers that could, in future, be derived from renewable resources. These binders consist of polyethyl acrylate (PEA) of different molecular weight, polymethyl acrylate (PMA) and polybutyl acrylate (PBA), which were synthesised from ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate and butyl acrylate, respectively, by atom transfer radical polymerisation. The rheological properties of these binders were determined by means of oscillatory testing using a dynamic shear rheometer and combinations of stress/strain, temperature and frequency sweeps. The results indicate that PEA can be produced to have rheological properties similar to that of ‘soft’ 100/150 penetration grade bitumen, PMA with similar rheological properties to that of ‘hard’ 10/20 penetration grade bitumen, while PBA, due to its highly viscous nature and low dynamic moduli, cannot be used on its own as a binder. The synthetic polymers were found to be thermo-rheologically simple, and the shift factors, used to produce the dynamic moduli master curves, were found to fit an Arrhenius function.     

Axisymmetric frictionless contact of functionally graded materials

The main interest of this study is a new method to solve the axisymmetric frictionless contact problem of functionally graded materials (FGMs). Based on the fact that an arbitrary curve can be approached by a series of continuous but piecewise linear curves, the FGM is divided into a series of sub-layers with shear modulus varying linearly in each sub-layer and continuous at the sub-interfaces. With this model, the axisymmetric frictionless contact problem of a functionally graded coated half-space is investigated. By using the transfer matrix method and Hankel integral transform technique, the problem is reduced to a Cauchy singular integral equation. The contact pressure, contact region and indentation are calculated for various indenters by solving the equations numerically. An erratum to this article can be found at     

The solution of the neutron transport equation in a slab with anisotropic scattering

The neutron transport equation for a slab geometry with the extremely anisotropic scattering kernel is considered. The albedo and transmission factors are calculated using the variation method. The effect of the extremely anisotropic parameter on the variation of the slab albedo and transmission factor is calculated. The obtained results are compared with the published data.     

高分子流体材料拉伸流动研究

成纤材料的可纺性是合成新的成纤材料或是度量现有材料的成纤条件的关键性参数,拉伸率是衡量材料的可纺性的依据,本文就纤维纺丝拉伸的类型和特点进行分析研究,其结果与材料本构方程联立求解,可分析求解高分子材料拉伸流动中的流动参数.     

基于不同摄像机配置的空间点检测模型及精度研究

针对空间点检测问题给出了一种简便而精确的空间点检测方法并建立了实验环境下的数学模型,提出了视差为零时,所测得的空间点深度最接近真实值的假设,并得到如下结论：给定空间点,深度不变,基线越短,光轴的夹角越小；深度改变时,基线一定,则深度越长,夹角越小。推导出在不同基线、不同深度下摄像机光轴之间理想夹角的数学模型并通过实验进行了验证。该方法对实际双目检测系统的摄像机配置有一定的指导作用。     

棉纤维与精梳纱之间性能关系的探讨

为了确定棉纤维性能对精梳纱性能的影响，分别从梳棉前的纤维中和同一纺纱工艺流程的粗纱中选同样９种不同的纤维作为试样进行实验。根据实验数据．得到了纤维性能与纱线性能之间关系的回归方程式，为从纤维直接预测纱线性能提供了一条快速、简捷的方法和途径。     

一类四阶线性双曲型方程的边值

考虑了一类四阶线性双曲型方程以特征线为数据支柱的边值问题，在支柱上给出了函数值或导数值，用迭代法讨论了问题的正规解或古典解。