Gel routes to environmental catalysts

Various methods for the preparation of metal oxide catalysts for environmental control purposes are described. These include coprecipitation, sol-gel, and impregnation, and are used to prepare mixed oxide catalysts of the types SnO₂-MO₂ (M=Ce or Zr), SnO₂-Ln₂O₃ (Ln = lanthanide), Ln-doped CeO₂, Cr (VI)-doped SnO₂, and Cu(II)-doped SnO₂. The aggregation in stable colloidal sols of SnO₂, CeO₂ and ZrO₂ is dependent on the concentration of the metal oxide. Techniques for the characterisation of these catalyst materials include gas adsorption, X-ray diffraction, and TEM/EDXA.     

Improving MCM‐41 as a Nitrosamines Trap through a One‐Pot Synthesis

Copper oxide was incorporated into MCM‐41 by a one‐pot synthesis under acidic conditions to prepare a new mesoporous nitrosamines trap for protection of the environment. The resulting composites were characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption–desorption, and H₂ temperature‐programmed reduction techniques, and their adsorption capabilities were assessed in the gaseous adsorption of N‐nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR). The adsorption isotherms were consistent with the Freundlich equation. The copper salt was deposited onto MCM‐41 during the evaporation stage and was fixed on the host in the calcination process that followed. MCM‐41 was able to capture NPYR in air below 373 K but not at 453 K. Loading of copper oxide on MCM‐41 greatly improved its adsorption capability at elevated temperatures. The influence of the incorporation of copper into MCM‐41 samples and the adsorption behavior of these samples are discussed in detail.     

Nanometer-sized zirconium dioxide microcolumn separation/preconcentration of trace metals and their determination by ICP-OES in environmental and biological samples

A new method is proposed using a microcolumn (20 mm × 2.0 mm) packed with nanometer-sized zirconia as solid-phase extractor for the separation/preconcentration of Mn, Cu, Cr, Zn, Ni and Co prior to their determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) in environmental samples. The factors affecting the separation and preconcentration of analytes such as pH, sample flow rate and volume, eluent concentration and volume were determined, interfering ions were studied, and the optimal experimental conditions were established. The adsorption capacity of nanometer-sized ZrO₂ for Mn, Cu, Cr, Zn, Ni and Co was found to be 1.3, 1.3, 1.7, 2.0, 3.9 and 1.5 mg g⁻¹, respectively. The detection limits of the method were 12, 58, 24, 2, 7 and 36 ng L⁻¹, respectively, with a preconcentration factor of 25. The precision of this method was 1.7% (Mn), 2.9% (Cu), 5.9% (Mn), 3.8% (Mn), 6.2% (Mn) and 4.3% (Mn) with 9 determinations of 10 ng mL⁻¹ of target analytes, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of trace metals in lake water, dried fish samples, certified reference materials of human hair and milk, and provided satisfactory results.     

The Influence of Intermolecular Interactions on Second-Order Susceptibilities of Molecular Crystals: Application to the m-Nitroaniline Crystal

The effects of intermolecular interactions on the second-order susceptibilities (⁽²⁾) of molecular crystals are studied by using a semiempirical quantum–chemical method. These effects are discussed on the basis of the super-molecular approach. The influence of the electrostatic interactions between adjacent unit cells on the tensor components of ⁽²⁾ was modeled by using the technique of cumulative atomic multipole moments (CAMMs).     

Spherical molecularly imprinted polymers (SMIPs) via a novel precipitation polymerization in the controlled delivery of sulfasalazine

Spherical molecularly imprinted polymers (SMIPs) have been prepared via a novel precipitation polymerization using sulfasalazine (prodrug used in the diseases of the colon) as template. The sulfasalazine was incorporated into SMIPs and into a spherical non-imprinted polymer (control), and then the release rate of the bioactive agent at different pH values was evaluated. Considerable differences in the release characteristics between imprinted and non-imprinted polymers have been observed. This opens the possibility of the development of drug release systems capable of modulating the release of a specific molecule. Photomicrography of spherical molecularly imprinted polymers (SMIPs).     

A new high-performance liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil as markers of surface contamination for occupational exposure monitoring

A new high-performance liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of 5-fluorouracil (5FU), methotrexate (MTX) and cyclophosphamide (CP) in environmental samples. These compounds, commonly used in the treatment of cancer, are recognized as genotoxic. In order to estimate the occupational exposure of hospital personnel handling these drugs, wipe samples were taken from the working surfaces and directly analyzed (with trophosphamide as internal standard) using a reversed-phase capillary column and MS/MS detection. This is the first HPLC/MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 5FU, MTX and CP. The present method offers high sensitivity, with detection limits of 1.1 microg l(-1) for MTX and CP and 33.3 microg l(-1) for 5FU, avoiding any sample preconcentration procedure. Rapidity, specificity, high accuracy (mean values between 92.4 and 99.9%) and precision (mean RSD values between 3.4 and 12.1%) make the method suitable for the routine determination of these three antineoplastic drugs.     

光催化研究与发展的文献计量分析

对ＣＡ１９６１－１９９６年期间卷双期号期刊中收录的与光催化有关的各种文献进行了详细的统计,结果表明,光催化研究正处于快速的发展期,以消除环境污染为目的应用研究是该快速发展期中的主题,日本,美国,俄罗斯和中国发表文献量居世界前４位。     

从当代西方环境伦理学看韩愈的天人感应论

韩愈的天人感应论属于我国古代天人感应论的第四种类型，他从“天入相乖”、“祸善福淫”的角度提出了天与入感应的独特方式。从当代环境伦理学视角看，韩愈的天人感应论表达了对大自然的道德关怀，与当代环境伦理学一样，具有强烈的反传统人类中心主义倾向以及相似的基本原则和道德目标。在环境问题日益严重的今天，探讨韩愈的天人感应论，对我们坚持科学发展观，处理好发展经济与保护环境的关系，搞好社会主义和谐社会建设，具有一定借鉴意义。     

拆船行业的污染与环境保护

对拆船行业的发展现状作了介绍,对拆船生产工艺流程进行了阐述,重点分析了拆船生产过程中产生废水、废气和固体废弃物等的污染情况,并提出了拆船事故排油的处理方法以及拆船生产的有关环保措施.