Numerical analysis on tractive performance of off-road wheel steering on sand using discrete element method

This paper presents a numerical analysis on steering performance including tractive parameters and lug effects. To explore the difference between the turning and straight conditions of steering, a numerical sand model for steering is designed and appropriately established by the discrete element method on the basis of triaxial tests. From the point of mean values and variation, steering traction tests are conducted to analyze the tractive parameters including sinkage, torque and drawbar pull and the lug effects resulting from type, intersection and central angle. Analysis indicates that steering motion has less influence on the sinkage and torque. When the slip ratio exceeds 20%, the steering drawbar pull becomes increasingly smaller than in the straight condition, and the increase of steering radius contributes to a decline in mean values and a rise in variation. The lug effect of central angle is less influenced by the steering motion, but the lug intersection is able to significantly increase the steering drawbar pull along with the variation reduced. However, the lug inclination reduces the steering drawbar pull along with the variation raised in different degrees.     

利用交流阻抗传感技术实时监测纳米沟槽上皮肤细胞的定向行为

细胞定向行为在皮肤、骨骼等修复和再生中起着非常重要的作用.本文首次采用交流阻抗传感技术实时监测人真皮成纤维细胞（HFF）和人永生化表皮细胞（HaCaT）在纳米沟槽（宽度：200 nm,周期：400 nm,深度：70 nm）上的定向行为.结果表明,HFF细胞在纳米沟槽上先进行定向排列,再发生胞体的延长;HaCaT细胞无定向行为的产生,其粘附和铺展得到了延缓.与平面电极相比,HFF细胞在纳米沟槽上产生的交流阻抗信号（NI值）更大,前期定向排列比后期胞体延长引起的NI值变化更显著,且NI值与定向排列的细胞百分比之间存在着良好的线性关系;HaCaT细胞在纳米沟槽上的NI值更小,且粘附比铺展过程对NI值变化的影响更大.本文的研究将为复合型细胞传感器的发展提供思路和支持.     

Ultrasound effects on zinc recovery from EAF dust by sulfuric acid leaching

In this work, an ultrasound-assisted leaching process was studied for the recovery of zinc from electric arc furnace (EAF) dust, in which zinc was mainly present in the form of franklinite (60%). Hydrometallurgy is emerging as a preferred process for the recovery of a variety of metals, and the use of ultrasound could offer advantages over the conventional leaching process, especially for the dissolution of franklinite. Franklinite is a refractory phase that is difficult to leach and represents the main obstacle in conventional hydrometallurgy processing. Atmospheric leaching with different sulfuric acid concentrations (0.2-2.0 M) at two temperatures (323 and 353 K) was performed. The tests were conducted using both conventional and ultrasound-assisted leaching. After the leaching tests, the solid residues were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, whereas the leach liquor was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP). The use of ultrasound facilitated the dissolution of franklinite at low acid concentrations and resulted in a greater zinc recovery under all of the investigated operating conditions.     

New pyrometallurgical process of EAF dust treatment with CaO addition

The non-carbothermic zinc pyrometallurgical processing of electric arc furnace (EAF) dust was investigated on a laboratory scale. The main objective of this process was to convert highly stable zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄), which accounts for more than half of total zinc in the EAF dust, into ZnO and Ca₂Fe₂O₅ by CaO addition. The EAF dust was mixed with CaO powder in various ratios, pressed into pellets, and heated in a muffle furnace in air at temperatures ranging from 700 to 1100℃ for a predetermined holding time. All ZnFe₂O₄ was transformed into ZnO and Ca₂Fe₂O₅ at a minimum temperature of 900℃ within 1 h when sufficient CaO to achieve a Ca/Fe molar ratio of 1.1 was added. However, at higher temperatures, excess CaO beyond the stoichiometric ratio was required because it was consumed by reactions leading to the formation of compounds other than ZnFe₂O₄. The evaporation of halides and heavy metals in the EAF dust was also studied. These components could be preferentially volatilized into the gas phase at 1100℃ when CaO was added.     

电阻应变测试技术中的温度补偿功能辨析

针对基于温度应变补偿的结构电阻应变测试技术,分析了结构温度应变的产生原理与结构温度应变的补偿原理,辨析了结构温度应变与补偿块温度应变二者的相互关联与差异.在此基础上,指出了基于温度应变补偿模式的结构电阻应变测试技术的错误在于:概念上混淆了结构的温度应变与补偿块的温度应变,导致了结构温度应变的错误补偿.同时,给出了正确实现工程结构应变测试的环境条件,以最大限度地保证了结构应变测试数据的客观性与可靠性.     

退火处理对Ni-Cr纳米电刷镀层的结构、硬度和摩擦学性能的影响

采用电刷镀技术,以Ni-Cr镀液制备了Ni-Cr纳米电刷镀层并对其进行了退火处理;采用X射线衍射仪,扫描电子显微镜,能量色散谱仪分析了不同温度下退火处理的Ni-Cr纳米镀层的形貌以及结构;分别利用MH-5-VM型显微硬度计和CSM摩擦试验机测定了刷镀层的显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能.研究结果表明:镀层晶粒的大小均为纳米级,随温度变化不大,介于10~20 nm之间,在500℃以下,Cr以固溶体形式存在于Ni的晶格中,500℃以上Cr从Ni的晶格中析出;镀层的耐磨性随退火温度的变化与镀层的硬度随温度的变化大致相同:Ni-Cr刷镀层在400℃退火处理时,硬度最大,磨损率最小.     

An Exotic Phase Change in Dynamic Electrorheological Fluids

It is well known that constant or time-varying electric fields can induce phase changes in electrorheological(ER) fluids, from a liquid to semi-solid state, provided the field strength is larger than some critical value. We describe here an experimental and theoretical study considering yet a different class of phase changes, specifically those for an ER fluid in the presence of both shear flow and a time-varying electric field. We note that as the frequency of the field is decreased, the ER fluid will go from a liquid to an intermediate transition state, and eventually to a shear banding state. Our theoretical analysis further indicates that this phase change originates from competing effects of viscous and electrical forces. Ultimately, we conclude that it is possible to achieve various states and corresponding(desired)macroscopic properties of dynamic colloidal suspensions by adjusting the frequency of the externally applied electric field.     

四轮独驱电动汽车复合制动控制策略

伴随汽车的电子化与智能化发展,针对四轮独驱电动汽车驱/制动力独立可控的优势,提出了一种考虑驾驶员制动特性的四轮独驱电动汽车复合制动控制策略。通过应用车辆动力学仿真软件CarSim与MATLAB/Simulink软件建立车体模型、电机模型、电池模型和能量回收控制模型,并合理分配前后轴制动力矩和液压制动与电机制动的比例,通过两种不同循环实验工况对能量回收控制方法进行仿真实验验证。实验结果表明:所提出的复合制动控制策略可以有效分配汽车前后轴制动力矩,保证汽车制动稳定性,并获得较高的能量回收率,提高汽车行驶里程。     

Dual effects of sodium sulfide on the flotation behavior of chalcopyrite: I. Effect of pulp potential

This study explores the flotation behavior of chalcopyrite in the presence of different concentrations of sodium sulfide (Na₂S·9H₂O) at pH 12 under controlled potential conditions. It was observed that the flotation of chalcopyrite is not depressed completely when the pulp potential is low, even at high concentrations of sodium sulfide, i.e., 10?1–10?2 mol/L. However, a partial and controlled oxidation of pulp does enhance the effectiveness of sodium sulfide on the depression of chalcopyrite. Characterization of the chalcopyrite particle surface by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy allowed the identification of hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface species, which are responsible for the depression and flotation of chalcopyrite. Changes in pulp potential were found to be an effective float controlling parameter, by which Na2S can be used to initiate or depress the flotation behavior of chalcopyrite.     

小型电力推进船舶推进控制系统

针对小型电力推进船舶推进控制系统简单、对复杂环境适应性差的问题,在借鉴传统内燃机动力推进船舶主机控制策略基础上,根据小型电力推进船舶的特点和推进控制功能要求,提出了更加完善的控制系统方案,并建立了系统仿真模型.仿真结果表明,所提出的控制系统方案是可行的,提高了电力推进船舶的稳定性及安全性,使小型电力推进船舶更能够适应海上多变的环境.