黄嘴白鹭卵的重金属含量与分布分析

黄嘴白鹭(Egretta eulophotes)是全球性受威胁鸟类,是国家二级重点保护动物.实验采用微波消解和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定比较了福建岛屿黄嘴白鹭卵内容物、卵壳和卵壳膜中铬(Cr)、锰(Mn)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)等7种重金属元素的含量.对去膜卵壳与带膜卵壳的7种重金属含量进行了差异性分析.结果表明,黄嘴白鹭去膜卵壳中含量最高的为Ni [(3.412±0.613) μg/g],卵壳膜和内容物中含量最高的均为Zn[(17.769±8.508) μg/g,(29.449±6.443) μg/g];3个部位含量最低的均为Cd[内容物最低(0.004±0.002) μg/g].除Mn元素外,其他元素在去膜卵壳、卵壳膜和内容物中的含量均有显著性差异,重金属主要富集在卵壳膜中.除Mn元素和Cd元素外,其余5种重金属元素在去膜卵壳与带膜卵壳中均存在显著性差异.上述结果提示,今后的相关研究报道中应注明受测卵壳是否带膜,以利于同类研究的正确比对.     

黄嘴白鹭罗同壳超微结构及组成元素的初步研究

以黄嘴白鹭(Egretta eulophotes)卵壳为材料,电镜下观察其超微结构,利用能谱分析其元素组成,并与其它鹭类进行比较,结果表明:黄嘴白鹭卵壳的基本结构与其它鹭科鸟类相似,包括壳膜、锥体层、柱状层和表层;但是,黄嘴白鹭卵壳的超微结构和组成元素与其它鹭科鸟类有所不同;黄嘴白鹭卵壳厚度为159.6μm±0.282 8(n=3),薄于池鹭(Ardeolabacchus),白鹭(Egretta garzetta)、牛背鹭(Bubulcus ibis)和夜鹭(Nyctycoraz nyctycoraz);黄嘴白鹭卵壳的主要元素由钙(17.49%±1.621)(n=3)、碳(21.95%±1.712)(n=3)、氧(60.81%±1.601)(n=3)组成;壳膜的主要组成元素包括钙(4.765%±0.261 6)(n=3)、氧(50.50%±0.487 9)(n=3)、碳(38.77%±0.459 6)(n=3)、硫(0.950 0%±0.056 6)(n=3)、镁(0.215%±0.212)(n=3).     

Dinosaur diversity during the transition between the middle and late parts of the Late Cretaceous in eastern Shandong Province, China: Evidence from dinosaur eggshells

The record of dinosaur eggs from the Upper Cretaceous Wangshi Group in eastem Shandong Province, China shows that the dinosaur species represented by elongatoolithids were present from the middle to the late Late Cretaceous, whereas those repre- sented by the dictyoolithids and spheroolithids became extinct in the middle Late Cretaceous and the new species represented by ovaloolithids appeared in the late Late Cretaceous. Estimated eggshell conductance of water vapor is over 4 to over 115 times higher in spheroolithids and the dictyoolithids than in elongatoolithids and ovaloolithids, indicating that eggs of the first two oofamilies required higher humidity during incubation. Based on the δ^18O record as preserved in eggshell, a change from relatively humid to relatively dry climatic conditions can be assumed to have taken place during the transition between the middle and late parts of the Late Cretaceous. It is reasonable to suggest that the change in climate was the cause of the dinosaur diversity.     

Eggshell Particles (ESP) as Potential Adsorbent for Styryl Pyridinium Dyes—A Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study

Eggshell particles (ESP) of a definite mesh size have been prepared and characterized through infrared and scanning electron microscopy. Adsorption of some styryl pyridinium dyes (SP-1 and SP-2) has been studied on ESP surface from water-ESP interface and the effects of adsorbate concentration, adsorbent dosage, temperature, salts, and the contact time have been examined. A first time study of the effect of water-structure making salt (kosmotroph) such as NaCl and structure breaking salt (chaotroph) such as KCl and NH₄SCN on the adsorption process on ESP has been reported. Both types of salts have opposing effects on the adsorption of SP-1 dye; however, in case of SP-2 dye both of them show similar effects. The adsorption process is found to follow a second order kinetics. Thermodynamic studies show the occurrence of a physical adsorption with exothermic energetic. The adsorption follows Langmuir isotherm model and the area of coverage has been calculated to show the impact of hydrogen bonding on the adsorption phenomenon.     

Adsorption of Some Tailor-Made Styrylpyridinium Dyes on Sodium Dodecylsulphate-Treated Eggshell Particles (SDS-ESP): Impact of Dye Chain-Length and Substituent

Eggshell particles (ESP), a solid bio-waste, treated with sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) have been examined for the adsorption of some tailor-made cationic styrylpyridinium dyes. The adsorbent is characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The anionic headgroups of the surfactant bilayer on the SDS-treated ESP (SDS-ESP) provide avenue for binding with the dye molecules. Dependence of equilibrium adsorption capacity on various adsorption parameters and effects of substituent and hydrophobic tail of the adsorbate on adsorption are enumerated. Physical adsorption obeying pseudo-second order kinetics has been proposed. (Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology to view the free supplemental file.)     

利用壳膜制备碳酸钙及形成机理研究

利用鸡蛋壳膜控制反应物的扩散速度,制备了不同形貌的CaCO3材料,模拟再现了生物矿化过程中Ca2 离子在有机物调制下形成不同形貌CaCO3的过程.由于壳膜内外表面结构不同,沉积在外表面得到由片状粒子组成的CaCO3晶体,而沉积在壳膜内表面得到由小粒子组成的多面体CaCO3晶体.利用X-ray粉末衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)等测试手段对样品的物相、结构、形貌和尺寸进行了表征,并初步探讨了CaCO3的形成机理.     

A magic eggshell: Cu<Superscript>2+</Superscript> reacts with S<Superscript>2−</Superscript> to produce metal Cu,rather than CuS

In common sense, the chemical reaction between Cu²⁺ and S^2– ions produces black precipitation of CuS. However, if they are separated by an eggshell, they produce copper with trace amount of CuS on the surface of the eggshell at the side of copper chloride solution within one week. Such an unexpected phenomenon strongly indicated that Cu²⁺ is able to be reduced into metal copper when S^2– diffuses throughout the porous eggshell. The produced copper was verified by reacting with nitric acid to generate red-brown nitrogen dioxide at ambient temperature, as well as by the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDS).     

以空心SiO2为载体的蛋壳型贵金属Pd催化剂的制备及表征

以空心SiO₂为载体采用浸渍法制备了一系列蛋壳型贵金属Pd催化剂和Ca-Pd 催化剂，应用TEM，XRD和EDS方法表征催化剂。结果表明，贵金属Pd不仅能够负载到空心SiO₂载体上，分散也比较均匀，且粒径较小，Pd/SiO₂催化剂上Pd的粒径约为7 nm，Ca-Pd/SiO₂催化剂上Pd的粒径约为5 nm。在蛋壳型催化剂Pd/SiO₂ 中加入助催化剂Ca能够形成蛋壳型Ca-Pd复合催化剂。空心SiO₂可以作为蛋壳型贵金属Pd催化剂载体。催化活性评价结果表明，蛋壳型复合催化剂Ca-Pd/SiO₂的催化活性和甲醇的选择性较纯Pd催化剂有了较大幅度的提高，其中催化活性提高了7倍。     

高山雪鸡卵壳及壳膜超微结构的观察

以扫描电镜观察了高山雪鸡（Ｔｅｔｒａｏｇａｌｌｕｓｈｉｍａｌａｙｅｎｓｉｓ）卵壳和壳膜的超微结构。其卵壳由５层构成，由内向外分别是基帽层，乳突层，栅栏层，结晶层和护膜层。气道外孔有益层。栅栏层有少量气泡（Ｖｅｓｉｃｌｅｓ）．壳膜由３层膜构成，外层和中层为纤维膜，内层为非纤维结构的平滑的薄膜。本项观察发现了引导栅栏层形成的钙化桥。     

Acetylcholinesterase immobilised eggshell membrane-based optical biosensor for organophosphate detection

The development of an optical biosensor for the determination of malathion based on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition using Ellman’s reagent is reported. The AChE has been immobilised onto the eggshell membrane (ESM) using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) studies and Fourier Transformed Infra-Red (FTIR) characterisations have been carried out to affirm the successful immobilisation of AChE onto the ESM. Under optimum conditions, the developed biosensor estimated the pesticide concentration in the range of 0.1–50 ng/mL with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 ng/mL within 30 min. Parameters affecting the biosensor response such as concentration of enzyme, substrate and inhibition time were optimised. The stability and reusability of the AChE/ESM sensor have been observed as 31 days at 4°C and two times, respectively.