Swelling and Drying Mechanisms of Freeze-Thawed Polyvinyl Alcohol/Egg White/Montmorillonite Bionanocomposite Hydrogels

Abstract

Polyvinyl alcohol and egg white bionanocomposite hydrogels loaded with montmorillonite clay were fabricated by a freezing-thawing technique. The bionanocomposite hydrogels showed an exfoliated morphology and they had a more interconnected and dense network as compared with the clay-free sample. The montmorillonite layers acted as multifunctional crosslinkers and the bionanocomposite hydrogels had nanoscale, slit-shaped pores. The swelling ratios of the bionanocomposite hydrogels were increased either by decreasing the content of incorporated montmorillonite or by increasing the pH of the swelling medium. It was found that the bionanocomposite hydrogels having a higher content of montmorillonite exhibited a slightly slower drying process with a longer drying duration. Using the Ritger-Peppas model, it was shown that the swelling and drying mechanisms for all bionanocomposite hydrogels were non-Fickian diffusion. According to the Peppas-Sahlin model, it was found that the absorption of the swelling agent molecules during the swelling process and also the removal of water molecules during the drying process in the early stages of the processes occurred mostly due to their diffusion. At higher swelling or drying times, the contribution of the relaxation (for swelling) and shrinkage (for drying) of the polyvinyl alcohol polymeric chains and egg white protein chains was increased.     

糠醛吸附干燥过程中的吸附剂选择

室温下在实验装置上用工业吸附剂（活性炭、硅胶、氧化铝、沸石）对工业糠醛进行吸附干燥,测定出各种吸附剂的吸附容量及动态附量。在此条件下,糠醛的最大干燥程度在９３．５％～９８．２％之间。最有效的吸附剂是ＮａＡ型沸石,它以较高的动态吸附、较低的结焦性、较高的稳定性（２０个周期）优于其它工业吸附剂。     

The Effect of Wall Material Type on the Encapsulation Efficiency and Oxidative Stability of Fish Oils

Fish oil is the primary source of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, which are important nutrients that assist in the prevention and treatment of heart disease and have many health benefits. It also contains vitamins that are lipid-soluble, such as vitamins A and D. This work aimed to determine how the wall material composition influenced the encapsulation efficiency and oxidative stability of omega fish oils in spray-dried microcapsules. In this study, mackerel, sardine waste oil, and sand smelt fish oil were encapsulated in three different wall materials (whey protein, gum Arabic (AG), and maltodextrin) by conventional spray-drying. The effect of the different wall materials on the encapsulation efficiency (EE), flowability, and oxidative stability of encapsulated oils during storage at 4 °C was investigated. All three encapsulating agents provided a highly protective effect against the oxidative deterioration of the encapsulated oils. Whey protein was found to be the most effective encapsulated agent comparing to gum Arabic and maltodextrin. The results indicated that whey protein recorded the highest encapsulation efficiency compared to the gum Arabic and maltodextrin in all encapsulated samples with EE of 71.71%, 68.61%, and 64.71% for sand smelt, mackerel, and sardine oil, respectively. Unencapsulated fish oil samples (control) recorded peroxide values (PV) of 33.19, 40.64, and 47.76 meq/kg oil for sand smelt, mackerel, and sardine oils after 35 days of storage, while all the encapsulated samples showed PV less than 10 in the same storage period. It could be concluded that all the encapsulating agents provided a protective effect to the encapsulated fish oil and elongated the shelf life of it comparing to the untreated oil sample (control). The results suggest that encapsulation of fish oil is beneficial for its oxidative stability and its uses in the production of functional foods.     

黏结剂对RDX/Al复合含能材料的性能影响

为了研究不同黏结剂对RDX/Al复合含能材料性能的影响,分别以氟橡胶(F_(2602))、热塑性聚氨酯(Estane5703)和硝化棉(NC)为黏结剂,利用喷雾干燥法制备了3种含有不同黏结剂成分的黑索今(RDX)/Al复合含能材料。采用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)、X射线光电子能谱仪(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS)、X射线衍射仪(X-ray diffraction, XRD)和差示扫描量热仪(differential scanning calorimeter, DSC)对样品的形貌、表面元素、结构和热分解特性进行了表征;采用12型工具法测试了样品的撞击感度。结果表明:以F_(2602)为黏结剂制备的样品表面光滑,颗粒密实,表面有大量F元素且Al元素含量最少,包覆黏结效果最好;使用3种黏结剂制备的样品晶型未发生改变;使用F_(2602)、Estane5703和NC制备的样品热爆炸临界温度较RDX分别降低了6.17、0.81、6.24 K,说明铝粉的加入提高了RDX的热分解活性;以F_(2602)为黏结剂制备的样品特性落高较RDX提高了68.3 cm,撞击感度最低。     

红外干燥条件下水基锂电池正极涂层黏结剂分布

为探究迁移控制干燥动力学理论在红外辐射干燥条件下的适用性,在红外辐射条件下对水基锂电池正极涂层进行了干燥,应用迁移控制干燥动力学理论对极片内部黏结剂分布规律进行了分析,通过热重分析仪(thermogravimetric analyzer,TGA)对理论分析进行了检验,并使用透反偏光显微镜观察了极片涂层的上、下表面形态,...     

三用干燥热泵表面式蒸发器模拟计算

研究了三用干燥热泵表面式蒸发器模拟计算过程。须特别注意的是：不同运行状态时蒸发器析湿系数不同；蒸发器最佳翅片表面温度的确定方法及结构计算合理性判定等。     

载入海藻糖红细胞冷冻干燥保存的实验研究

探讨载入海藻糖对红细胞冷冻干燥保存的效果.利用硫酸蒽酮比色法测量细胞内海藻糖的含量,对载入海藻糖的红细胞进行了冷冻干燥保存.结果表明,细胞载入海藻糖的最高浓度为35mmol/L,经冷冻干燥后的细胞回收率与血红蛋白回收率提高非常明显,分别为冷冻干燥前的59.78±4.51%和57.49±3.69%;渗透脆性与新鲜红细胞无显著差异.载入海藻糖对红细胞的冷冻干燥保存效果有密切作用.     

高压均质技术结合喷雾干燥法制备布地奈德多孔微球

采用高压均质技术对布地奈德颗粒进行了纳米化制备,考察了均质压力和循环次数对产品粒径和粒度分布的影响。实验结果表明,粒子的大小和分布随着均质压力的增大和循环次数的增多明显下降。在100MPa和循环60次的最优条件下可制得平均粒径为0.64μm、峰宽为0.44的布地奈德颗粒。该浆料经喷雾干燥后形成了平均粒径为2.90μm的多孔微球,比表面积为8.71m²/g。与布地奈德的甲醇溶液喷干产品相比,多孔微球粒度分布更均匀、比表面积更大。经FT-IR和XRD表征,结果表明高压均质和喷雾干燥过程均没有改变布地奈德分子的化学结构,多孔微球为结晶型颗粒,而溶液喷干产品为无定型颗粒。     

不同干燥方法对鲍鱼营养成分的影响

为研究不同干燥方式对鲍鱼中营养成分的影响,采用自然晾晒、热风干燥和微波真空干燥的方式,研究干制鲍鱼中多糖、总糖、胶原蛋白以及氨基酸含量的变化情况。结果表明,自然晾晒的鲍鱼中多糖和总糖含量显著高于热风干燥及微波真空干燥,而胶原蛋白及氨基酸含量则显著低于其余2种干燥方法。其中胶原蛋白含量以微波真空干燥的方式最佳,但同热风干燥间相差不大;氨基酸含量以热风干燥方式最佳。综合整体实验结果,热风干燥及微波真空干燥优于自然晾晒,且有利于工业化生产加工。     

太阳能红外中草药干燥工艺优化研究

用太阳能红外综合干燥装置和自动测试仪器，对秦艽（Ｇｅｎｔｉａｎａ ｍａｃｒａｐｈｙｌｌａ）、黄芩（Ｓｃｕｔｅｌｌａｒｉａ ｂａｉｃａｌｅｎｓｉｓ）、丹参（Ｓａｌｖｉａ ｍｉｌｉｏｒｒｈｉｚａ）进行干燥特性试验，并进行温度、相对湿度、物料脱水量的动态连续测量。结果表明，较合理的工艺是在干燥初期将空气流体相对湿度控制在５０－６０％，匀速干燥阶段控制在４０％－４５％，降速干燥阶段迅速将室内空气温度降至与