渣浆泵过流件用高铬铸铁材料特性分析与选择

基于定量金相分析和Thermo-Calc软件的热力学平衡相计算,研究了渣浆泵过流件用高铬铸铁中碳化物数量和基体铬含量与铸铁中碳、铬含量之间的定量关系,在此基础上阐明了各类高铬铸铁的主要特性及适用范围。结果表明,在不同工矿条件下渣浆泵过流件最佳使用效果可通过高铬铸铁中碳和铬含量的调整来实现,高铬铸铁中较高的碳含量有利于改善其耐磨性能,而高铬低碳配置有助于获得具有良好耐腐蚀性能的不锈钢基体。Thermo-Calc软件预测结果与定量金相分析结果基本上相符,可作为各类高铬铸铁材料特性分析及选用的工具。     

中间相有序生长机理研究

试验以预处理的FCC油浆为原料,采用程序升温、多管井式坩埚炉进行热转化形成有序生长中间相反应研究。同时,利用高温光学显微镜连续观察了样品热转化过程中流动对中间相有序生长机理的影响。试验发现,原料高温热转化过程中反应残余物收率在反应初期下降迅速,后期逐渐趋于稳定,数学上表现出指数衰减形式。变径反应管内热聚合反应初期,以中间相的生成、长大为主,且其大小呈非均匀尺度分布。随着体系中间相的生长、含量增加以及黏度的升高,上升气流的引导作用促进了中间相的有序排列。高温原位观察发现,原料经预处理后样品中含有超细各向异性中间相微晶体,该微晶体的出现进一步促进了后续热聚合过程中中间相的产生与发展。440￣450℃区域适合中间相的形成与生长。此外,在显微镜下观察看到了中间相因表面张力和载气侧吹所产生的位移变化以及位移后所形成的运动轨迹,有力地证实了气流导向作用对中间相有序融并生长的影响。     

南湖疏浚后底泥中氮、磷分布规律研究

为了解疏浚后南湖底泥中氮磷等营养元素的分布规律,选取湖泊周围及中心6处取样。通过实验测定底泥中总磷、总氮含量,发现：（1）在疏浚后,湖泊底泥中氮磷含量仍然很高,比大型浅水湖底泥中含量要高得多;（2）从水平分布来看,湖泊四周的氮、磷营养元素含量比湖中心处要高,且西部自北向南形成较高区域,、整个湖泊各监测点处总氮含量要比总磷含量高得多;（3）从垂直分布看,湖泊底泥中营养元素在表层下约100cm处达到最大值,总氮、总磷含量随深度的变化关系并不单一的增减。底泥疏浚时,需考虑合理的疏浚深度。     

氢氧化钙浆液脱硫反应及其干燥特性

采用热天平研究了低温(80℃)条件下Ca(OH)2浆液在一定水钙质量比、SO2浓度范围内的脱硫特性及干燥特性.结果表明,不同水钙比及SO2浓度下浆液干燥特性明显不同;Ca(OH)2浆液在SO2气氛下在浆液表面反应生成的CaSO3·0.5H2O晶体比在N2气氛下由于干燥而析出的晶体多,硫分以CaSO3·0.5H2O固定在浆液中,其干燥速率要低些;不同干燥条件下的浆液临界湿含量不同,反应及蒸发过程在浆滴表面产生的晶体越多,临界湿含量越大;在低SO2浓度时,Ca(OH)2转化率随SO2浓度的升高迅速增加,当入口SO2浓度增大到一定值后,Ca(OH)2转化率增加趋缓.     

Direct mercury determination in aqueous slurries of environmental and biological samples by cold vapour generation-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Direct cold vapour generation from aqueous slurries of environmental (marine sediment, soil, coal) and biological (human hair, seafood) samples have been developed using a batch mode generation system coupled with electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. The effects of several variables affecting the cold vapour generation efficiency from solid particles (hydrochloric acid and sodium tetrahydroborate concentrations, argon flow rate, acid solution volume and mean particle size) have been evaluated using a Plackett-Burman experimental design. In addition, variables affecting cold vapour trapping and atomisation efficiency on Ir-treated graphite tubes (trapping and atomisation temperatures and trapping time) have been also investigated. Atomisation and trapping temperatures, trapping time and hydrochloric acid concentration were the significant variables. The 2²+star and 2³+star central composite designs have been used to obtain optimum values of the variables selected. The accuracy of methods have been verified by using several certified reference materials (PACS-1, GBW-07410, NIST-1632c, CRM-397 and DORM-2). A characteristic mass of 390 pg were achieved. The detection limits of methods were in the range of 40-600 ng g⁻¹. A particle size less than 50 μm is adequate to obtain total cold vapour generation of Hg content in the aqueous slurry particles.     

Mathematical modeling of a slurry reactor for DME direct synthesis from syngas

In this paper,an axial dispersion mathematical model is developed to simulate a three-phase slurry bubble column reactor for direct synthesis of dimethyl ether(DME) from syngas.This large-scale reactor is modeled using mass and energy balances,catalyst sedimentation andsingle-bubble as well as two-bubbles class flow hydrodynamics.A comparison between the two hydrodynamic models through pilot plantexperimental data from the literature shows that heterogeneous two-bubbles flow model is in better agreement with the experimental data thanhomogeneous single-bubble gas flow model.Also,by investigating the heterogeneous gas flow and axial dispersion model for small bubblesas well as the large bubbles and slurry(i.e.including paraffins and the catalyst) phase,the temperature profile along the reactor is obtained.Acomparison between isothermal and non-isothermal reactors reveals no obvious performance difference between them.The optimum values ofreactor diameter and height were obtained at 7 m and 50 m,respectively.The effects of operating variables on the axial catalyst distribution,DME productivity and CO conversion are also investigated in this research.     

沉淀及老化温度对浆态床合成甲醇CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂活性及稳定性的影响

利用浆态床反应器,考察了沉淀及老化温度对CuO/ZnO/Al₂O₃催化剂催化合成甲醇的活性及稳定性的影响,并用XRD、BET、FT-IR以及XPS等技术对前驱体及催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,前驱体物相主要以孔雀石(Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂)和类孔雀石((Cu,Zn)₂(CO₃)(OH)₂)为主,其中,70 ℃沉淀和80 ℃老化条件下制备的前驱体具有适当的结晶度,焙烧后的催化剂中CuO分布均匀,Cu元素的电子结合能位移最大,CuO与ZnO之间作用较强,催化剂的性能最佳,时空收率和失活率分别达到了153.3 g/(kg_cat·h)和1.44%/d。     

CuCrAl和CuCrZr低温液相合成甲醇催化剂的研究

 用络合共沉淀法制备了CuCrAl和CuCrZr复合氧化物液相合成甲醇催化剂，其比表面分别达到119和116m2／g．在5．0～5．5MPa和383K条件下，分别用间歇式和流动式反应釜考察了催化剂的活性和稳定性．结果表明：CuCrAl和CuCrZr的活性均明显高于CuCr；CuCrAl的活性略高于CuCrZr，但甲酸甲酯（MF）的选择性明显低于CuCrZr；两者在12h内未见活性明显下降．甲醇钠在反应过程中部分转化为甲酸钠和NaOH．CuCrAl和CuCrZr有较高的氢解活性可抑制甲醇钠与MF生成甲酸钠，从而有较低的甲酸钠浓度．但是，Al2O3和ZrO2的酸性有利于甲醇脱水，引起甲醇钠水解生成NaOH．溶剂对CuCr基催化剂的活性和选择性有明显影响．对反应机理进行了讨论．     

浆态床合成二甲醚复合催化剂失活原因探索

在反应温度260 ℃、压力5.0 MPa的条件下,对浆态床反应器中二甲醚合成复合催化剂的失活规律进行了研究.结果表明,Cu基催化剂失活较快是导致浆态床二甲醚合成催化剂不稳定的主要原因.通过分析Cu基催化剂在浆态床反应器和固定床反应器中的活性变化规律,发现在浆态床反应器中不能及时导出反应体系的H2O对催化剂的毒副作用导致了浆态床Cu基催化剂快速失活.对失活催化剂进行的TPR、XRD和SEM-EDS表征结果可以看出,Cu粒子的长大和积炭是Cu基催化剂失活的重要原因,与已有文献报道不同的是并未发现明显的Cu元素流失.     

UV-assisted degradation of propiconazole in a TiO2 aqueous suspension: identification of transformation products and the reaction pathway using GC/MS

Photocatalytic degradation of propiconazole, a triazole pesticide, in the presence of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) under ultraviolet (UV) illumination was performed in a batch type photocatalytic reactor. A full factorial experimental design technique was used to study the main effects and the interaction effects between operational parameters in the photocatalytic degradation of propiconazole in a batch photo-reactor using the TiO₂ aqueous suspension. The effects of catalyst concentration (0.15–0.4 gL^?1), initial pH (3–9), initial concentration (5–35 mg L^?1) and light conditions were optimised at a reaction time duration of 90 min by keeping area/volume ratio constant at 0.919 cm² mL^?1. Photocatalytic oxidation of propiconazole showed 85% degradation and 76.57% mineralisation under UV light (365 nm/30 Wm^?2) at pH 6.5, initial concentration 25 mg L^?1 and constant temperature (25 ± 1 °C). The Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model has successfully elucidated the effects of the initial concentration on the degradation of propiconazole and the data obtained are consistent with the available kinetic parameters. The photocatalytic transformation products of propiconazole were identified by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The pathway of degradation obtained from mass spectral analysis shows the breakdown of transformation products into smaller hydrocarbons (m/z 28 and 39).