Characterization of Colloidal Gas Aphron-Fluids Produced from a New Plant-Based Surfactant

Colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs) are gas bubbles with diameters ranging from 10 to 100 microns, generated by intense stirring of a surfactant solution at high speed. The surface activity and aggregation behavior of the surfactant affects the size/size distribution, stability, and other physicochemical properties of generated aphrons. Therefore, selection of a suitable surfactant is important for the generation of microbubbles with the desired properties. The goal of this articleis to investigate the potential use of a new plant-derived surfactant as an aphronizer surfactant in preparation of CGA-based drilling fluids for accomplishing desirable rheological and filtration properties. For this purpose, natural surfactant obtained from leaves of special tree, namely, Zizyphusspina Christi and used for preparation of aphron-based fluids. To achieve the research objectives, laboratory tests of suspension generation, microscopic visualization, initial yield, filtration loss, and rheological characterization with varying concentrations of surfactant and polymer were performed. Experimental results demonstrate that newly proposed biosurfactant has a great potential for application in preparation of CGA-based drilling fluids for implementation in petroleum drilling industry.      

Physical and Rheological Characteristics of Emulsion Model Structures Containing Iranian Tragacanth Gum and Oleic Acid

The physical and rheological properties of oil in water model emulsion systems containing Iranian tragacanth gum (TG) (0.5, 1 g/100 ml emulsions), whey protein isolate (WPI) (2, 4 g/100 ml emulsions), and oleic acid (5, 10 ml/100 ml emulsions) were investigated for droplet-size distribution, creaming index, and rheological properties of emulsions. The shear-thinning behavior of all dispersions was modeled using power law, Cross, and Ellis models. The power law model described the flow behavior of dispersions for its lowest standard error (0.29) and highest determination coefficient (R²) (0.99). Rheological investigation showed that both loss (G″) and storage (G′) modules increased as gum and oil content increased. Delta degree was 0.1 and increased as frequency increased, indicating that liquid-like viscose behavior dominated solid-like elastic behavior. Droplet-size distribution was measured by light scattering and microscopic observations revealed a flocculated system. Gum, WPI, and oil contents decreased the emulsion creaming index with gum concentration having the greatest effect.     

Fractal Aperture Distribution of Activated Carbon Fiber and Adsorption Behavior to Low‐Density Benzene Steam

Based on the J(x) fractal distribution function of aperture given by Jaroniec, this article suggests another function K(x), a variant of J(x) but offering new insight. We then use these two functions to characterize three kinds of activated carbon fiber (ACF) of different specific areas. This article also provides the fractal distribution of the aperture and the isotherm of nonpolarity benzene steam on the ACF specimens and the relationship between them.     

INDUSTRIAL NEWS

Interactions between monolayers of trilaurylamine (TLA) and various water-soluble corrosion, hydrate and scale inhibitors, as well as acetic acid and FeCl₂, have been studied by means of the Langmuir technique, The water-soluble compounds were present in the subphase before TLA was spread. Their influence on the monolayer properties were measured by means of surface pressure-area ( k-A) isotherms and constant surface pressure-area relaxation measurements. All the added water soluble species gave rise to monolayer expansion. The monolayer expansion observed for TLA at pH 1, increased when FeCl₂ was added to the subphase at the same pH. Polyethyleneglycols with molecular weight higher than 200 destabilized totally the TLA-monolayer, probably due to bending and folding into multilayers. Monolayer expansion and film instability increased with increased acetic acid concentrations. The destabilization mechanism in this case was most likely due to a combination of nucleation and dissolution of film components into the subphase. The corrosion inhibitor Dyno KI 384 had a higher surface activity than TLA. Hence the monolayer     

Morphology and Size Distribution Characterization of Precipitated Asphaltene from Live Oil During Pressure Depletion

The size and morphology of asphaltene aggregates, precipitated from live oil by pressure depletion at the reservoir temperature was studied using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The experimental studies showed that the mean size of aggregates increased when pressure decreased. The results indicate that the morphology of aggregates was changed from amorphous spherical and elliptical shapes to irregular. A bimodal distribution function was able to describe the size distribution in pressure range of 500 to 3500 psi. At higher pressure, the unimodel was able to represent the size distribution. The results showed reduction in live oil stability and asphaltene aggregation with pressure drop.     

宽离子能量检测范围垂直引入反射式飞行时间质谱仪的研制

本实验室研制了国内首台宽离子能量检测范围飞行时间质谱仪。仪器采用紧凑式电子轰击源设计,配合离子透镜系统有效的调制离子流,飞行时间质量分析器采用了离子垂直引入式,双场加速和双场反射以及大尺寸MCP检测装置设计。仪器单离子信号半峰宽约2 ns,仪器分辨率优于1600FWHM,检测实际样品质量范围为1~127 amu(仪器理论质量检测上限优于800 amu),可检测离子能量范围优于2个数量级(3~140 eV)。若该TOF质量分析器与短瞬高压脉冲放电离子源耦合联用,可广泛应用于高能离子束的快速检测,如真空阴极放电对制备薄膜、离子注入材料的表征,导电材料的离子电荷态分布以及离子扩散速度的测定等。     

SAPO-11分子筛晶化过程研究

采用X射线衍射、X射线荧光光谱、扫描电镜和固体核磁等方法研究了SAPO-11分子筛的水热晶化过程.结果表明,晶化初期,SAPO-11和一种具有磷硅铝组成的未知晶相同时生成;随着晶化的进行,中间相溶解,SAPO-11的生成速率大大增加,呈现快速晶化的特征;至2.33h后,SAPO-11的结晶度接近100%,并保持至晶化结束.硅从晶化初期即参与了SAPO-11的形成,它在晶体中的含量随晶化时间的延长而逐渐增加.硅原子主要以硅岛的形式分布于SAPO-11分子筛骨架中,从而导致多种硅配位环境的存在.分析显示,SAPO-11分子筛呈现外表面富硅的特点,结合晶化过程的分析可推测,硅在SAPO-11分子筛晶体中的分布不均匀,其含量从内向外递增.     

Determination of Some Transition Metals by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy after Extraction with Pyridine-2-aldehyde-2-quinolylhydrazone

The extraction of pyridine-2-aldehyde-2-quinolylhydrazone chelates of cadmium, cobalt, copper, nickel, and zinc into isoamyl alcohol (IAOL) and methylisobutyl ketone (MIBK) has been investigated as a basis for the determination of these metals. Below pH 6 the extraction is enhanced by the addition of perchlorate, suggesting that charged complexes are being extracted by ion-pair formation. Sensitivities (1% absorption) are reported for IAOL and MIBK solutions of the metals sprayed into an air-acetylene flame. A procedure for the determination of the above metals by atomic absorption spectroscopy after extraction is given. The procedure is applied to the analysis of tap water for cadmium, copper, and zinc.     

Development and Optimization of Twenty-Four Hour Manual Methods for the Collection and Colorimetric Analysis of Atmospheric NO2

Abstract

Manual twenty-four hour colorimetric procedures for the determination of atmospheric NO₂ are described. The methods are based on collecting NO₂ by bubbling ambient air for twenty-four hours through reagents that form stable nitrite solutions. The reagents described have a 93 % collection efficiency over the range of 20 to 750 μg/m³ NO₂ with no apparent interferences. The inadequacies' of the former reference or alkaline method¹ are also described.     

基于多区域代理的分布式故障诊断方法

军用大型复杂装备组成涉及多个子系统或多个装备,故障诊断涉及上百个分散测试点数据采集和分离模块的诊断推理。传统装备采用集中测试和诊断方法,配套测试系统结构设计复杂、系统故障诊断算法效率低。本文基于D-矩阵故障诊断原理,提出基于多区域Agent的分布式故障诊断结构模型和区域Agent数据协同、区域Agent测试结果仲裁等问题的解决办法,并以某型舰船装备为例,验证了基于多区域代理的分布式故障诊断技术的有效性。