Structure–properties relationship in spun fibers of poly(ethylene terephthalate): Comparisons between samples obtained by terephthalic acid or dimethyl terephthalate processes

Some properties and structural aspects of fibers obtained by spinning, in a wide range of take-up speed (2,800–4,400 m/min), of commercial samples of PET, produced by dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) and the terephthalic acid (TPA) processes, are compared. For a same take-up speed, the considered fibers from TPA are spun at lower pack pressures and always show higher tenacity and lower ductility than fibers from DMT. X-ray diffraction, density, and birefringence measurements indicate that, for the fibers from the DMT process, an earlier crystallization occurs which prevents the progress of the orientation of the amorphous phase. The lower molecular orientation in the amorphous phase of the fibers from DMT, in turn, accounts for their lower tenacity. The earlier crystallization of the fibers from DMT would be related to their slightly higher melting temperatures and melt viscosities, which could be due to the lower amount of constitutional defects (diethylene glycol content) in the considered PET samples from DMT compared with those from TPA. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35 : 889–896, 1997     

压缩比和CO2对二甲醚燃料均质压燃燃烧的影响

在一台2-135柴油机上实现了纯二甲醚(DME)的均质充量压燃(HCCI)的燃烧方式.为了扩展发动机适用工况,控制HCCI着火,进一步通过调节试验发动机压缩比以及在优化的压缩比下在进气道中加入气体CO2的方法来改进和控制HCCI的燃烧.试验结果表明,DME的HCCI燃烧模式不但可以实现无烟燃烧,还可以有效控制发动机NOx排放,使其接近于零排放.在试验负荷范围内,CO排放随负荷增加而降低;HC的排放随负荷增加而减少.对DME的HCCI燃烧机理等进行研究表明,由于纯DME十六烷值高导致着火较早(上止点前28°左右),该发动机只能在中低负荷较小范围内运行.改进的燃烧方法可以有效地控制HCCI燃烧,拓展HCCI发动机运转范围.     

Effect of Intrahippocampal Administration of α7 Subtype Nicotinic Receptor Agonist PNU-282987 and Its Solvent Dimethyl Sulfoxide on the Efficiency of Hypoxic Preconditioning in Rats

We have previously suggested a key role of the hippocampus in the preconditioning action of moderate hypobaric hypoxia (HBH). The preconditioning efficiency of HBH is associated with acoustic startle prepulse inhibition (PPI). In rats with PPI > 40%, HBH activates the cholinergic projections of hippocampus, and PNU-282987, a selective agonist of α7 nicotinic receptors (α7nAChRs), reduces the HBH efficiency and potentiating effect on HBH of its solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, anticholinesterase agent) when administered intraperitoneally. In order to validate the hippocampus as a key structure in the mechanism of hypoxic preconditioning and research a significance of α7nAChR activation in the hypoxic preconditioning, we performed an in vivo pharmacological study of intrahippocampal injections of PNU-282987 into the CA1 area on HBH efficiency in rats with PPI ≥ 40%. We found that PNU-282987 (30 μM) reduced HBH efficiency as with intraperitoneal administration, while DMSO (0.05%) still potentiated this effect. Thus, direct evidence of the key role of the hippocampus in the preconditioning effect of HBH and some details of this mechanism were obtained in rats with PPI ≥ 40%. The activation of α7nAChRs is not involved in the cholinergic signaling initiated by HBH or DMSO via any route of administration. Possible ways of the potentiating action of DMSO on HBH efficiency and its dependence on α7nAChRs are discussed.     

有机阴离子柱撑水滑石催化酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯

 A series of organic anion-pillared hydrotalcites were synthesized by the ion exchange method and characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The hydrotalcite precursor and pillared hydrotalcites with different anions was tested as catalysts in transesterification of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with phenol. The results show that the catalytic selectivity of this transesterification reaction over these organic anion-pillared hydrotalcites is significantly improved. The catalytic selectivities of C4H4O4-, C6H8O4-, C10H16O4-, 1,4-C8H4O4-, and C7H5O2-pillared hydrotalcites for transesterified products (diphenyl carbonate and methyl phenyl carbonate) are all greater than 90%, at least 10% higher than that of the hydrotalcite precursor. Under the conditions of n(phenol)/n(DMC)=4, catalyst amount=1.5%, and t=10 h, the C6H8O4-pillared hydrotalcite presents the best catalytic performance, and the DMC conversion and the selectivity for transesterified products reach 43.8% and 93.2%, respectively.     

氧化铝的改性及其在合成气直接制二甲醚反应中的应用

 采用浸渍法制备了经硼、磷和硫的含氧酸根阴离子改性的γ-Al2O3, 以其为甲醇脱水活性组分,与铜基甲醇合成活性组分CuO-ZnO-Al2O3组成双功能催化剂,并在连续流动加压固定床反应器上考察了催化剂对合成气直接制二甲醚反应的催化性能. 结果表明, SO2-4改性可以显著提高γ-Al2O3的甲醇脱水活性,从而提高产物中二甲醚的选择性和一氧化碳的转化率. 此外,还详细研究了SO2-4改性条件如SO2-4含量、焙烧温度及前驱物种类的影响. 结果表明,当SO2-4含量为10%, 焙烧温度为550 ℃时,二甲醚的选择性及一氧化碳的转化率最高; SO2-4前驱物的种类对其改性效果的影响很小.     

基于准等重二甲基化标记的高通量蛋白质组选择性交叉标记装置

面对生物学及精准医学等领域多变量、大样本量的蛋白质组定量分析的需求,高通量的定量标记及分析已经成为近年来蛋白质组学方法发展的趋势。发展了一种基于准等重二甲基化标记策略的高通量肽段末端选择性交叉标记装置（pIDL-StageTip）,借助简单的装置及离心力,有效地增加了定量标记的通量,并保证了肽段末端两步标记反应时间的可控性及操作的简便性。通过优化酸性条件下NaBD₃CN与NaBH₃CN体系的标记条件,得到了标准蛋白质酶解产物100%的标记效率、95%以上的标记选择性;在人源蛋白质组复杂体系下,标记效率大于99%,标记选择性为100%。基于该装置的定量方法具有很高的定量准确度及精密度。该装置为实现高可操作性、高准确度、高通量的蛋白质组定量标记提供了一个可靠的解决方案。     

Hydrogen Production with Steam Reforming of Dimethyl Ether

Steam reforming of methanol and gasoline is actively researched and developed as hydrogen supply methods for the fuel cells of vehicles and so on. However, these materials have the problems such as the infrastructure, toxicity, difficulty of the reforming, and so forth. Dimethyl ether （DME） does not contain the poisonous substances, and is expected as a clean fuel of the next generation. DME is able to take the place of light oil and LPG, and its physical properties are similar to those of LPG. There is possibility that DME infrastructures will be settled more rapidly than those of hydrogen and methanol, because LPG infrastructures existing are able to use for DME. Then, we have been studying on steam reforming of DME for the hydrogen production.     

Mg(Al)O催化环氧丙烷一步法合成碳酸二甲酯的研究

由水滑石焙烧制得镁-铝氧化物,使用镁-铝氧化物催化剂以环氧丙烷(PO)、二氧化碳和甲醇为原料一步催化合成了碳酸二甲酯(DMC)并联产碳酸丙烯酯(PC)和丙二醇(PG).实验表明,n(Mg)/n(Al)=8的水滑石经773 K焙烧后得到的催化剂对一步合成具有最佳的催化性能.在反应温度433 K和压力6 MPa下,使用镁-铝氧化物催化剂反应10 h后PO转化率达到100%,DMC选择性为20.2%.     

助剂SiO2对CO2加氢制二甲醚催化剂Cu-ZnO/HZSM-5性能的影响

 考察了助剂SiO2对CO2加氢合成二甲醚催化剂Cu-ZnO/HZSM-5性能的影响,并用X射线衍射、程序升温还原和X射线光电子能谱等手段对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明,加入少量的SiO2即可显著提高CO2的转化率、二甲醚的选择性以及二甲醚和甲醇的总选择性,并降低副产物CO的选择性,同时改善催化剂的稳定性; 但SiO2加入量大时,催化活性反而降低. SiO2的存在可使焙烧后催化剂的晶型结构发生改变,促进CuO和ZnO的分散,并提高CuO的还原温度. SiO2的加入抑制了反应过程中催化剂上Cu0和ZnO晶粒的长大,对活性物种Cu0有稳定作用,从而有利于提高催化剂的活性和稳定性.     

气相法CO与亚硝酸甲酯偶联合成草酸二甲酯用Pd/α-Al2O3催化剂的研究

 一氧化碳与亚硝酸甲酯(CH3ONO)在负载型Pd/α-Al2O3催化剂上合成草酸二甲酯(DMO)的反应,其催化剂活性与载体的性质及所添加的助剂密切相关. 载体的双峰孔分布是影响催化剂活性的关键因素; 在双峰孔的基础上,载体的比表面积、孔径及孔体积的增大使催化剂活性升高; 助剂的添加可有效地提高Pd的分散度,减小Pd的粒径,从而使CH3ONO转化率从57.1%升高到84.7%,DMO时空收率可达到898 g/(L·h). 助剂添加后,活性组分Pd的含量可以从1%降至0.3%,而DMO时空收率仍可达到745 g/(L·h).