Towards a Sustainable Synthesis of Oxymethylene Dimethyl Ether by Homogeneous Catalysis and Uptake of Molecular Formaldehyde

Oxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME_n; CH₃(‐OCH₂‐)_nO‐CH₃, n=3–5) are a novel class of sustainable synthetic fuels, which are of increasing interest due to their soot‐free combustion. Herein a novel anhydrous OME_n synthesis route is presented. Catalyzed by trimethyloxonium salts, dimethoxymethane takes up monomeric gaseous formaldehyde instantaneously and forms high purity OME_n at temperatures of 25–30 °C. This new anhydrous approach using molecular formaldehyde and catalytic amounts of highly active trimethyloxonium salts represents a promising new step towards a sustainable formation of OME_n emanating from CO₂ and H₂.     

固体超强酸ZrO_2/SO_4~(2-)催化合成富马酸二甲酯

以ＺｒＯ２／ＳＯ２－４固体超强酸催化富马酸与甲醇合成富马酸二甲酯的反应,表征催化剂的物化性质,探讨催化剂制备条件、原料配比、反应时间及催化剂用量等参数对富马酸二甲酯收率的影响．催化剂的重复使用实验表明,ＺｒＯ２／ＳＯ２－４是富马酸二甲酯合成的较适宜的催化剂     

3,4-二芳基吡咯的合成

卟啉化合物及其金属配合物是一类极具潜力、环境友好的光电转换材料而成为国际上人们研究的热点,3,4-二芳基吡咯作为构建该卟啉类化合物的中心体,其合成方法的研究很少。本文以亚氨基二乙酸为原料,经酯化和酰基化2步反应得到N-乙酰基-亚胺基二乙酸二甲酯,再将得到反应物在甲醇钠溶液中与二芳基乙二酮发生缩合反应得到3,4-二芳基吡咯-2,5-二甲酸,最后将3,4-二芳基吡咯-2,5-二甲酸在乙醇胺中回流脱羧制得3,4-二芳基吡咯,其结构经1H NMR、13C NMR和元素分析得以确证。该合成方法具有反应条件温和、反应速度快、产率较高、操作简单等优点。     

Excess enthalpies of ketone+methyl methylthiomethyl sulfoxide or +dimethyl sulfoxide at 298.15 k

Excess enthalpies of sixteen binary mixtures between one each of methyl methylthiomethyl sulfoxide (MMTSO) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and one of ketone {CH₃CO(CH₂)_nCH₃, n=0 to 6 and CH₃COC₆H₅} have been determined at 298.15 K. All the mixtures showed positive excess enthalpies over the whole range of mole fractions. Excess enthalpies of ketone+MMTSO or DMSO increased with increasing the number of methylene radicals in the methyl alkyl ketone molecules. Excess enthalpies of MMTSO+ketone are smaller than those of DMSO+ketone for the same ketone mixtures. The limiting excess partial molar enthalpies of the ketone, H ₁ ^E,∞, in all the mixtures with MMTSO were smaller than those of DMSO. Linear relationships were obtained between limiting excess partial molar enthalpies and the number of methylene groups except 2-propanone.     

Mg-Al-O-t-Bu hydrotalcite as an efficient catalyst for the transesterification of dimethyl carbonate with ethanol

Mg-Al-O-t-Bu hydrotalcite was synthesized and characterized by XRD, FT-IR and TGA-DTA. It was proved to be an active heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with ethanol. When the reaction was carried out over Mg-Al-O-t-Bu hydrotalcite at 80°C, 7 h, molar ratio of ethanol to DMC 5:1, 1.0 wt.% of catalyst, the conversion of DMC was 86.4%, the selectivity to diethyl carbonate (DEC) was 61.2%. This heterogeneous catalyst could be used 5 times without loss of its activity.     

Surface Structure and Catalytic Performance of CuCl/SiO2-Al2O3 Catalysts for Methanol Oxidative Carbonylation

Aluminum was doped into amorphous silica gel to modify its surface structure. The obtained SiO₂-Al₂O₃ support was used to prepare the CuCl/SiO₂-Al₂O₃ catalyst by solid-state ion exchange, and the catalyst activity for liquid-phase oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate was investigated. The results showed that the prepared SiO₂-Al₂O₃ support kept the amorphous structure of the silica gel. The BET specific surface area of the silica gel was decreased to 200 m²/g, and the surface acid sites (including Brønsted acid sites) were increased. In the CuCl/SiO₂-Al₂O₃ catalyst, CuCl was not only dispersed on surface but also was ion exchanged with surface Brønsted acid sites of the SiO₂-Al₂O₃ support to form Cu⁺ species, which resulted in a decrease in BET specific surface area to 148 m²/g. These two kinds of Cu⁺ species on the catalyst surface were both active centers for the oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate. When the catalyst was prepared with Si/Al molar ratio of 5 and was calcined at 500 °C, the selectivity and space-time yield of dimethyl carbonate reached 74% and 1.27 g/(g·h), respectively.     

浆态床合成二甲醚复合催化剂失活原因探索

在反应温度260℃、压力5.0MPa的条件下,对浆态床反应器中二甲醚合成复合催化剂的失活规律进行了研究。结果表明, Cu基催化剂失活较快是导致浆态床二甲醚合成催化剂不稳定的主要原因。通过分析Cu基催化剂在浆态床反应器和固定床反应器中的活性变化规律,发现在浆态床反应器中不能及时导出反应体系的H2O对催化剂的毒副作用导致了浆态床Cu基催化剂快速失活。对失活催化剂进行的TPR、XRD和SEM EDS表征结果可以看出,Cu粒子的长大和积炭是Cu基催化剂失活的重要原因,与已有文献报道不同的是并未发现明显的Cu元素流失。     

DEVELOPMENT OF A CATALYST FOR SOLUTION OF POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) IN NON-AQUEOUS MEDIUM

Chloro ethane dimethyl sulfoxide,C_2H_5Cl·DMSO(ECI·DMSO)was prepared by interaction of acrylic acid with conc.Hydrochloric acid in dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)and subsequent decarboxylation with H_2O_2 solution.The formation of the compound was confirmed by spectral and analytical methods;the molecular weight was determined by cryoscopic method.The solubility of poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)in different solvents or mixed solvents at 40℃,50℃and 60℃temperature in the presence of 0.01% of EC1·-DMSO was determined.It...     

Partial oxidation of dimethyl ether to H2/syngas over supported Pt catalyst

Dimethyl ether （DME） is a non-toxic fuel with high H/C ratio and high volumetric energy density, and could be served as an ideal source of H2/syngas production for application in solid oxide fuel cells （SOFC）. This study presents results of DME partial oxidation over a 1.5 wt% Pt/Ce0.4Zr0.6O2 catalyst under the condition of gas hourly space velocity （GHSV） of 15000-60000 ml/（g·h）, molar ratio of O2/DME of 0.5 and 500-700 ℃, and this temperature range was also the operation temperature range for intermediate temperature SOFC. The results indicated that the catalyst showed good activity for the selective partial oxidation of DME to H2/syngas. Under the working conditions investigated, DME was completely converted. Increase in reaction temperature enhanced the amount of syngas, but lowered the H2/CO ratio and yield of methane; while increase in reaction GHSV resulted in only slight variation in the distribution of products. The good catalytic activity of Pt supported on Ce0.4Zr0.6O2 for the partial oxidation of DME may be directly associated with the good oxygen storage capacity of the support, which is worth of further investigation to develop materials for application in SOFC.     

Critical comparison of radiometric and mass spectrometric methods for the determination of radionuclides in environmental, biological and nuclear waste samples

The radiometric methods, alpha (α)-, beta (β)-, gamma (γ)-spectrometry, and mass spectrometric methods, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, accelerator mass spectrometry, thermal ionization mass spectrometry, resonance ionization mass spectrometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and glow discharge mass spectrometry are reviewed for the determination of radionuclides. These methods are critically compared for the determination of long-lived radionuclides important for radiation protection, decommissioning of nuclear facilities, repository of nuclear waste, tracer application in the environmental and biological researches, these radionuclides include ³H, ¹⁴C, ³⁶Cl, ⁴¹Ca, ^59,63Ni, ^89,90Sr, ⁹⁹Tc, ¹²⁹I, ^135,137Cs, ²¹⁰Pb, ^226,228Ra, ²³⁷Np, ²⁴¹Am, and isotopes of thorium, uranium and plutonium. The application of on-line methods (flow injection/sequential injection) for separation of radionuclides and automated determination of radionuclides is also discussed.