On array models theoretical predictions versus measurements for the growth of cells and dendrites in the transient solidification of binary alloys

Most of the theoretical studies of the growth of cells/dendrites in the literature are based on the assumption that it is a steady-state phenomenon. The analysis of cells/dendritic structures in the unsteady-state regime is very important, since it encompasses the majority of industrial solidification processes. The aim of the present investigation was to validate the predictions furnished by the cellular and primary dendritic growth models in the literature for unsteady-state conditions against a large spectrum of experimental data, which includes those for a variety of Al alloys (Al–Cu, Al–Si, Al–Fe, Al–Bi, Al–Ni, Al–Sn) and low thermal diffusivity alloys, such as Sn–Pb and Pb–Sb. The predictions furnished by the Hunt–Lu model do not match the cellular experimental scatter for any examined alloy system. However, this model matches well with the primary dendritic growth of Al alloys, with the exception of Al–Sn alloys, for which the Hunt–Thomas approach has to be applied. The primary dendritic predictions of Bouchard–Kirkaldy's model, performed with the originally suggested a ₁ calibration factors are, in most cases, located above the experimental points. Experimental growth laws relating cellular and dendritic spacings with the tip growth rate and the cooling rate, respectively, are established.     

Effect of buoyancy-driven convection on steady state dendritic growth in a binary alloy

The effect of buoyancy-driven convection on the steady state dendritic growth in an undercooled binary alloy is studied. For the case of the moderate modified Grashof number, the uniformly valid asymptotic solution in the entire region of space is obtained by means of the matched asymptotic expansion method. The analytical results show that the buoyancy- driven convection has a significant effect on the needle-like interface of dendritic growth. Due to the buoyancy-driven convection, the needle-like interface shape of the crystal is changed. When the Peclet number that is not affected by the buoyant flow is less than a certain critical value, the interface shape of the dendrite becomes thinner as the Grashof number increases; when it is larger than the critical value, the interface shape becomes fatter as the Grashof number increases. In the undercooled binary alloy the morphology number plays an active role in the interface shape and leads to the buoyancy effect that is different from the situation for the pure melt. The smaller the morphology number is, the more significant change the interface shape has. As the Peclet number further increases, the effect of buoyancy on the interface diminishes eventually.     

等轴晶在过热溶液落管中的下落熔化特性研究

研究了NH4Cl等轴晶在过热NH4Cl-70 wt％H2O溶液落管内熔化中的形貌演化过程,并分析了溶液过热度及等轴晶初始尺寸对其下落速度和熔化速率的影响规律和机理.结果表明:等轴晶在过热溶液中下落时,若不发生旋转,其形貌由准轴对称形貌演变成非轴对称准三角形貌;若发生旋转,则有助于保持其准轴对称形貌.通过分析不同条件下等轴晶下落时的阻力系数,认为提高溶液过热度可获得更为光顺的等轴晶外形,增大其下落速度.等轴晶初始尺寸越大,其形貌复杂性提升及下落速度增大,会导致熔化速率加快.在等轴晶下落熔化的过程中,逐渐减小的下落速度减弱了界面前沿对流传质条件,使得单个等轴晶的熔化速率基本保持恒定.     

晶体取向对定向凝固枝晶生长的影响

采用类金属透明模型合金丁二腈-1.0 wt%乙醇(SCN-1.0 wt% Eth)合金, 考察了晶体取向对定向凝固过程中晶粒的平界面失稳孕育时间、枝晶形态演化以及枝晶一次间距的影响. 结果表明, 随着枝晶择优生长方向与温度梯度方向夹角的增大, 晶粒的平界面失稳孕育时间增加, 界面的稳定性增强; 对于不同晶体取向的枝晶形态演化, 枝晶择优生长方向与温度梯度方向夹角越大, 枝晶二次臂不对称生长越严重, 同时, 具有生长优势的枝晶二次臂对相邻枝晶的生长的抑制越强烈; 至于不同晶体取向的枝晶一次间距, 随着枝晶择优生长方向与温度梯度方向夹角的增大, 枝晶一次间距增大. 关键词： 定向凝固 平界面失稳 枝晶间距 晶体取向     

Growth and forms of spherulitic crystal pattern in a Belousov‐Zhabotinski type reaction system

The growth of spherulitic like crystal patterns in a dual substrate Belousov–Zhabotinski (BZ) reaction system has been studied. The solution phase reaction has been found to show concentric ring like wave pattern. A colloidal phase consisting of numerous fine solid particles have also been observed during reaction process, which initially forms the solid phase nucleation centers of dendritic character, and subsequently grow into spherulitic like crystal patterns. The reaction mechanism has been proposed, which illustrate possible reaction products formed during solution phase reaction that are inevitably involved in the formation of the dendritic nucleation centers. The spherulitic crystal pattern has been found to show transition in morphology by substituted organic substrate.The transition behaviour of crystal pattern has also been described and discussed. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Evaluation of the microstructure,secondary dendrite arm spacing,and mechanical properties of Al-Si alloy castings made in sand and Fe-Cr slag molds

The microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast A356 (Al-Si) alloy castings were investigated. A356 alloy was cast into three different molds composed of sand, ferrochrome (Fe-Cr) slag, and a mixture of sand and Fe-Cr. A sodium silicate-CO₂ process was used to make the necessary molds. Cylindrical-shaped castings were prepared. Cast products with no porosity and a good surface finish were achieved in all of the molds. These castings were evaluated for their metallography, secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS), and mechanical properties, including hardness, compression, tensile, and impact properties. Furthermore, the tensile and impact samples were analyzed by fractography. The results show that faster heat transfer in the Fe-Cr slag molds than in either the silica sand or mixed molds led to lower SDAS values with a refined microstructure in the products cast in Fe-Cr slag molds. Consistent and enhanced mechanical properties were observed in the slag mold products than in the castings obtained from either sand or mixed molds. The fracture surface of the slag mold castings shows a dimple fracture morphology with a transgranular fracture nature. However, the fracture surfaces of the sand mold castings display brittle fracture. In conclusion, products cast in Fe-Cr slag molds exhibit an improved surface finish and enhanced mechanical properties compared to those of products cast in sand and mixed molds.     

带有电磁扰动的Bridgman定向凝固装置设计

应用同步辐射X射线成像技术,实现了电场作用下金属合金凝固过程的枝晶生长行为原位观察.自行设计并制作了一套带有电磁扰动的Bridgman定向凝固装置,该装置包括成像样品、电磁扰动装置、加热炉等,能够实现样品加热、微移、电磁扰动等功能.该装置用于北京和上海同步辐射光源的成像实验中,成功获得系列枝晶生长行为及形貌演变图像,原位观察到不同电压、电流、频率的脉冲电场对枝晶形态的动态影响.     

Phase-field modeling of faceted growth in solidification of alloys

A regularization of the surface tension anisotropic function used in vapor-liquid-solid nanowire growth was introduced into the quantitative phase-field model to simulate the faceted growth in solidification of alloys. Predicted results show that the value of δ can only affect the region near the tip, and the convergence with respect to δ can be achieved with the decrease of δ near the tip. It can be found that the steady growth velocity is not a monotonic function of the cusp amplitude, and the maximum value is approximately at ε=0.8 when the supersaturation is fixed. Moreover, the growth velocity is an increasing function of supersaturation with the morphological transition from facet to dendrite.     

相场方法在组织模拟中的应用

介绍了相场方法在材料组织模拟方面的发展历程、基本概念和理论基础,讨论了单场变量模型在模拟枝晶生长方面的进展和多场变量模型模拟多晶系统演变过程中晶粒消涨的情况。相场法的诸多应用结果表明,虽然相场法是建立在唯像的热力学理论基础之上,但只要确定出物理意义明确的相场变量,这一方法将真实地模拟材料组织的演变过程,成为研究组织演变的最有效手段之一。     

Fe-C二元合金凝固过程强制对流作用下柱状晶生长行为的数值模拟

文章在前期建立的微观元胞自动机模型的基础上,耦合动量传输模型、质量传输模型和热量传输模型,建立了考虑流体流动的宏微观多尺度二维枝晶生长数学模型CA-FVM。并采用CA-FVM模型研究了强制对流作用下Fe-0.82C二元合金凝固过程枝晶生长规律。数值模拟表明:强制对流明显地改变了枝晶生长规律,靠近强制对流入口处枝晶生长受抑制作用较明显,枝晶生长较慢,远离强制对流入口处枝晶受抑制作用较弱,枝晶生长较快。同时,随着强制对流强度的增加,枝晶生长受熔体流动的影响更加明显,加剧了枝晶的非对称生长。