冲击波作用下粉末颗粒效应及其形成过程

采用两种颗粒尺寸相差悬珠的高速钢粉末进行爆炸烧结机制的研究,发现了明显的“颗粒效应”,烧结过程首先在小颗粒变形量最大的尖角处发生熔化,在冲击波作用下使液体流激烈运动,加速了颗粒的熔化,最后使颗粒相互粘结在一起,达到烧结的目的。     

STUDY ON THE DUCTILE DEFORMATION DOMAIN OF THE SIMPLE SHEAR IN ROCKS——TAKING BRITTLE FAULTS OF THE COVERING STRATA IN THE SOUTHERN JIANGSU AREA AS AN EXAMPLE

A study on the ductile deformation domain of the brittle fault in the shallow level ofthe crust is a new probe field for the modern structural geology. Taking the southern Jiang-su Province area as an example the orientation measurement of quartz crystals, the com-positional texture observation of three pressure sensitive minerals and the rheological param-eter determination of dislocation densities, etc. have been demonstrated and analysed basedon typical samples in the present paper. In addition, their generation mechanisms arealso discussed from the cataclastic rheology, the dynamic differentiation and the simpleshearing, specially, from the Ode strength theory. Finally, a generative relationship betweenthe ductile deformation domain of the brittle fault system, in the regional layer--slip andthe formation of the stratabound ore deposit is shown as well.     

Molecular structure of ethynylbenzene from electron diffraction and ab initio molecular orbital calculations

The molecular structure and benzene ring distortions of ethynylbenzene have been investigated by gas-phase electron diffraction and ab initio MO calculations at the HF/6-31G^* and 6-3G^** levels. Least-squares refinement of a model withC _2v, symmetry, with constraints from the MO calculations, yielded the following important bond distances and angles:r _g(C _i -C _o )=1.407±0.003 Å,r _g(C _o -C _m )=1.397±0.003 Å,r _g(C _m -C _p )=1.400±0.003 Å,r _g(Cr _i -CCH)=1.436 ±0.004 Å,r _g(C=C)=1.205±0.005 Å, C _o -C _i -C _o =119.8±0.4°. The deformation of the benzene ring of ethynylbenzene given by the MO calculations, including o-C_i-C_o=119.4°, is insensitive to the basis set used and agrees with that obtained by low-temperature X-ray crystallography for the phenylethynyl fragment, C₆H₅-CC-, in two different crystal environments. The partial substitution structure of ethynylbenzene from microwave spectroscopy is shown to be inaccurate in the ipso region of the benzene ring.     

Plastic deformation kinetics for glassy polymers and blends

Measurements of the plastic deformation kinetics for several glassy (PS, PC, PI-polyimide, PET, epoxy-amine network), semi crystalline polymers (PBT, PET) and blends (ABS, PC:ABS, PC: PBT) were performed for the unidirectional compression loading conditions by using constant temperature deformation calorimetry. The experiments have permitted us to follow the changes of the mechanical work (A), the heat of deformation (Q) and differences between these quantities, i.e., internal energy (U) stored in samples during their loading and unloading. Experiments have shown that the large portion (45–85%) of the mechanical work of deformation (A) is converted to heat (Q). The rest ofA is converted to internal energy (U) stored in deformed samples. U is quite high as compared with metals [1,2]. After complete unloading of plastically deformed samples, i.e., samples carrying irreversible atT _def plastic deformation ( _irr ), some amount (U) of stored energy disappeared. The amount of (U and (U) are different for different polymers. All data are analyzed in the framework of the model proposed in [3,4]. The experiments support the deformation model where the plasticity of glassy polymers is the process of nucleation and development of so-called PDs-plastic local shear defects of nonconformational and nondilatational nature.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. W. Pechhold on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

On the deformation mechanisms of oriented PET and PP films under load

Uniaxially orienred semicrystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(propylene) (PP) films were loaded parallel to draw direction at various temperatures. Changes in the submicroscopical structure of the films under load were examined by small and wide-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS; WAXS) and birefringence measurements. WAXS measurements reveal a decrease of the initial high orientation of the chains in the crystallites during deformation. Simultaneously, an increase of the birefringence was detected, indicating an orientation of chains in the amorphous regions. The alteration of the long period reflections in the SAXS patterns give strong evidence that lamellar stacks with different orientation angles according to load direction are present. Depending on the orientation of stacks, the contribution of lamellar separation to sample deformation alters, giving rise to different amounts of density changes in the stacks. Absolute intensity measurements of SAXS using a Kratky apparatus reveal that lamellar separation occurs preferentially below or in the range of the glass-transition temperature at small strain. With increasing strain and temperatures above the glass-transition slip deformation mechanisms become more important. The formation of microvoids was observed at strain near to elongation at break below or in the range of glass-transition temperature.     

Determination of various deformation processes in impact-modified PMMA at strain rates up to 105%/min

The deformation processes in impact-modified PMMA, which deforms homogeneously, were determined by means of the stress/strain experiment (, ) with simultaneous lateral strain measurement (_lat) in a wide range of strain rates () up to 10⁵%/min (impact stress). The elastic, plastic cavitation and plastic shear processes were determined as a function of strain. Therefore we calculated the elastic strain ( _el), the elastic volume expansion ( _{vol el}), the cavitation strain ( _cav), which is identical with the plastic volume expansion ( _{vol pl}), the shear strain ( _sh) and the energy densities (W_el, W_cav, W_sh) related to these three processes.For strains of 3 % onward it was found that plastic shear processes and plastic cavitation processes are responsible for a partial loss of elastically stored energy. Both plastic processes turn out to be mostly anelastic deformations, their amount depending strongly on the strain rate. The contributions of the processes to the total deformation of the unmodified PMMA in its strain range are similar to those of the impact-modified PMMA, and the high impact strength is caused by a shift of the catastrophic rupture to very high strains.     

VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF THE NON-HOOKE DEFORMATION BEFORE YIELDING IN UNIAXIAL DRAWING OF AMORPHOUS POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE)*

Viscoelastic behavior of the non-Hooke deformation of amorphous PET film before yield was investigated in thetemperature region 74--80.5℃ around the glass transition temperature. The film specimen was drawn to yield point followedby unloading to zero stress, then the residual deformation was held constant, while the subsequent evolution of the stress wasrecorded. An induction period was found in the course of stress evolution fol1owed by a stress step-increase. The inductionperiod decreases with increasing drawing temperature with an activation energy of 1.10 MJ/mol·K, which is attributed tothe time needed for the relaxation of rubbery deformation through cooperative internal rotations. At temperatures lower than74℃, there is no stress increase or the induction period becomes too long to be observed. Thus the nature of anelasticity inthe non-Hooke region before yielding is attributed to stress induced rubbery deformation. The experimental results areinterpreted in terms of Perez' rheological model of a series connected Hooke spring and a Voigt element consisting of aparallel connected elastic spring and a dashpot.     

One-dimensional model with rotational and liquid-crystalline phase transitions

A one-dimensional system of hard-rod particles with rotational-like internal degrees of freedom is considered. Particles interact with each other through the infinite-range, infinitely weak attractive Kac potential, and through a nearest-neighbor short-range potential. The latter depends also on the internal states of the interacting particles. Exact results for thermodynamic properties and for some correlation functions are obtained. It is found that the considered system exhibits several first-order transitions between phases with different rotational structure, i.e., with different ordering with respect to the internal degrees of freedom. The calculated equation of state seems to suggest that in the solutions of liquid-crystalline substances in neutral solvents there may exist regions in which the coefficient of thermal expansion is negative—an effect similar to that well known in liquid water.     

地铁振动荷载作用下饱和软粘土性状微观研究

位于或穿越饱和软粘土层中的地铁隧道在运营之后，沿轴线产生较大的沉降量，很大程度上与饱和软粘土在地铁振动荷载作用下土体微观结构的变形和破坏、发生残余变形有关．通过扫描电镜试验对饱和软粘土颗粒的微观性状进行了研究，从土的微结构基本单元的形状和大小、基本单元体的接触状态、基本单元体问的联结形式、孔隙的形状和大小以及土体变形3个阶段的力学特性等方面进行较深入的研究．另外，将原状土和循环三轴试验破坏后两种状态的土样作了对比，从微观的角度解释了土体的变形机理．研究成果对有效控制、避免或减轻隧道经过地区地面沉降灾害的发生，指导地铁工程的设计、施工以及地铁运行后沉降的预测评价和防治等提供了有价值的参考．     

ZK31+0.3Yb镁合金的热力模拟

通过热压缩变形实验, 利用光学显微镜观察, 对ZK31 0.3Yb镁合金变形过程的流变应力和组织演变进行研究. 研究结果表明: 663 K/0.1 s-1是最佳的变形条件, 在此条件下, 合金的流变应力低, 动态再结晶充分激发, 合金的塑性好;当变形温度降至623 K和573 K时, 动态再结晶不能充分激发, 合金变形的流变应力明显提高, 尤其是573 K变形时流变应力达到185 Mpa;而变形温度提高到723 K时, 晶界处形成楔形裂纹, 合金的塑性差;在663 K时变形, 尽管应变速率降低至0.001 s-1, 合金的动态再结晶充分激发, 流变应力下降, 但变形的进程被减缓;当变速率提高到1.000 s-1时, 晶粒间的协调变形不能发挥作用, 合金的塑性最差.