Ultrasound-assisted dynamic extraction of valuable compounds from aromatic plants and flowers as compared with steam distillation and superheated liquid extraction

A method for the extraction of valuable compounds from plants and flowers (viz. laurel, rosemary, thyme, oregano and tuberose) is proposed. The dynamic approach allows go-and-backward circulation of the extractant (ethanol) through the solid sample subjected to the action of an ultrasound probe (thus reducing sample amount and avoiding overpressure). A multivariate optimisation study and application of the optimum values of the variables to kinetics studies show that 10 min is sufficient to obtain extraction efficiencies that greatly surpass those provided by steam distillation for essential oils or superheated liquid extraction for these oils and other valuable compounds, with lower costs and higher quality of the extract. The extraction time of the proposed method is 176–165 min shorter than steam distillation and 31–20 min shorter than superheated liquid extraction, depending on the target compound.     

基于灰色系统的皖北地区耕地面积变化及影响因素分析

利用皖北1991-2009年的耕地变化和社会经济统计资料,分析了近20年来该区耕地变化的情况,同时对影响耕地变化的11个因子进行了灰色关联分析,得出耕地变化的原因.结果表明：皖北地区研究期内耕地总体上不断减少.就耕地变化率,宿州市耕地变化速度最快,相对变化率淮南和宿州较全区快,淮北较全区慢.影响皖北耕地变化的因素可以概括为人口因素、农业科技进步、经济发展等方面,其中,农业产值占农林牧业比例是皖北耕地变化的首要因子;人口因素在关联度排序中占第2位,成为影响耕地变化的主要因素;农业科技因素在耕地变化中发挥着重要作用;经济发展因素虽然在关联度排序排名中较靠后,但在耕地变化中也占有重要位置.     

Genetically engineered organisms for bioremediation of pollutants in contaminated sites

Environmental pollution is a major problem which affects biodiversity, public health and ecosystems worldwide. This issue cannot currently be solved using conventional technology because these treatments are expensive, ineffective and time consuming. Conventional methods focus unduly on the separation, rather than the destruction of contaminants. The use of genetically engi- neered organisms for bioremediation would be an envi- ronmentally-friendly and cost-effective alternative for the management and remediation of pollutants in contaminated sites. Different types of genetically engineered microbes have been developed through recombinant DNA and RNA technologies, these have been utilized for the removal of heavy metals and toxic substances from contaminated sites. Transgenic plants can also mobilize or degrade chlorinated solvent, xenobiotic compounds, explosives and phenolic substances. A symbiotic relationship between genetic engineered microbes and transgenic plants can enhance the effectiveness of bioremediation of contaminated sites. This review examines recent developments in the use of genetically engineered microbes and transgenic plants forthe bioremediation of contaminated sites. This review will also identify the environmental factors which influence bioremediation by genetically engineered microbes and transgenic plants as well as suggesting future directions for research in these areas.     

关于中小型城市污水处理厂能耗和节能措施分析

从中小型城市污水处理厂工艺流程的角度研究了污水处理工艺的能耗,分析了污水处理厂的主要耗能工序及设备,并在此基础上从设备、运行等方面对污水处理厂各处理工序的节能工作进行了阐述,提出了节能措施。     

基于气候和土壤要素的中国耕地适宜性指数构建

中国历史土地利用的重建工作主要分为数据重建和空间重建,而建立具有空间指示作用的参数对于历史土地利用的空间重建具有举足轻重的指示意义.本文基于此想法,参考前人经验,构建了一套耕地适宜性指数,作为历史土地利用空间重建的基础.首先通过分析影响耕地时空分布的多种自然要素和人文因素,从中厘定土壤和气候这2个关键要素,然后基于此构建了一套计算耕地适宜性指数的方法.通过获取的气候适宜性与土壤适宜性的空间分布图与实际土地利用的相关性分析验证了这2个要素的一定代表性.本文最终的结果代表自然状态下耕地分布的最初可能性,具体特征有:1)对耕地分布起影响的气候适宜性分为4个等级的块状分布;2)对耕地分布有影响的土壤适宜性比较零散,但是大体还是以秦岭-淮河一线为分界线,呈现北高南低的分布;3)对于不同地区耕地分布,影响的主导因素有区别,西北为土壤要素,东南为气候要素;4)耕地适宜性最高的地区基本集中在华北平原、长江中下游平原区域,而青藏高原地区的适宜性最低.结合人口、经济等因素,这样一套耕地适宜性分布图对历史土地利用空间分布有重要的空间指示作用.     

美人蕉、鸢尾、黄菖蒲和千屈菜对富营养化水体净化效果研究

以美人蕉、鸢尾、千屈菜和黄菖蒲4种水生观赏植物为材料,分析单种植物和不同植物组合在富营养化水体中的生物量变化及对富营养化水体中总氮、总磷、pH、化学需氧量、溶解氧及叶绿素a含量的影响.结果表明,不同水生植物在富营养化水体中生长的生物量增加值差异性显著,变化范围为3.77~12.17g·L~(-1).单种植物和不同组合对富营养化水体中总氮、总磷和COD_(Mn)均具有良好的去除效果,对DO值有显著的增加作用(P0.05),且降低了水体pH.在处理35d时,单种植物对磷素去除率在87.24%~91.38%,植物组合对总磷去除率为62.67%~88.44%,对COD_(Mn)的去除效果达到显著水平(P0.05);此外,美人蕉和美人蕉+鸢尾组合对富营养化水体净化效果明显,各指标间有极显著相关性.该研究结果为利用水生观赏植物防止富营养化水体提供了依据和植物资源.     

早春类短命植物生物量研究(Ⅱ)——多被银莲花生物量及其分配特征

采用全收获法研究多被银莲花的生物量及其分配特征.结果表明:多被银莲花在株高达12 cm以上时开花、结果;随株高级的增大,茎叶生物量、地下生物量和果生物量增长明显,花生物量呈单峰型变化;根冠比呈整体下降的变化趋势.随着物候期的推移,总生物量、地上生物量和地下生物量分别增加4.31,5.30和3.45倍;生物量分配表现出由地下向地上转移和由生长向繁殖转移的特点,体现了多被银莲花将有限资源再分配于生长和繁殖之间的生存策略.采用直线、指数、对数和幂函数拟合的多被银莲花地上、地下和总生物量方程均具有较高的相关系数,但验证结果仅有幂函数均达到了建模标准,为多被银莲花生物量预测的最优方程.     

Medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory activities

Medicinal plants have been the main remedy to treat various ailments for a long time and nowadays, many drugs have been developed from traditional medicine. This paper reviews some medicinal plants and their main constituents which possess anti-inflammatory activities useful for curing joint inflammation, inflammatory skin disorders, cardiovascular inflammation and other inflammatory diseases. Here, we provide a brief overview of quick and easy reading on the role of medicinal plants and their main constituents in these inflammatory diseases. We hope that this overview will shed some light on the function of these natural anti-inflammatory compounds and attract the interest of investigators aiming at the design of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions.     

The mutual responses of higher plants to environment: physiological and microbiological aspects

Higher plants are different from animals in many aspects, but the important difference may be that plants are more easily influenced by environment. Plants have a series of fine mechanisms for responding to environmental changes, which has been established during their long-period evolution and artificial domestication. The relationship between higher plants and environment is influenced mutually. The component in environment provides higher plants with nutrients for shaping themselves and higher plants simultaneously bring photosynthetic products and metabolites to surroundings, which is the most important part of natural circle. Photosynthetic products are realized mainly by physiological mechanisms, and microbiological aspects in environment (for instance, soil environment) impact the above processes greatly. The complete understanding of the relationship will extremely promote the sustainable utilization of plant resources and make the best use of its current potential under different scales.     

植物中酞酸酯的分析测定研究

建立了二氯甲烷超声提取、小粒径硅胶住色谱项分离、UV-HPLC测定植物中酞酸酯的方法,简便、快速,可使酞酸酯与杂质有效分离,回收率为85％～101％。用于实际植物样品中酞酸酯的测定,结果满意。