Evaluation of the performance of high temperature conversion reactors for compound-specific oxygen stable isotope analysis

In this study conversion conditions for oxygen gas chromatography high temperature conversion (HTC) isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) are characterised using qualitative mass spectrometry (IonTrap). It is shown that physical and chemical properties of a given reactor design impact HTC and thus the ability to accurately measure oxygen isotope ratios. Commercially available and custom-built tube-in-tube reactors were used to elucidate (i) by-product formation (carbon dioxide, water, small organic molecules), (ii) 2nd sources of oxygen (leakage, metal oxides, ceramic material), and (iii) required reactor conditions (conditioning, reduction, stability). The suitability of the available HTC approach for compound-specific isotope analysis of oxygen in volatile organic molecules like methyl tert-butyl ether is assessed. Main problems impeding accurate analysis are non-quantitative HTC and significant carbon dioxide by-product formation. An evaluation strategy combining mass spectrometric analysis of HTC products and IRMS ¹⁸O/¹⁶O monitoring for future method development is proposed.     

Design of a sector bowtie nano-rectenna for optical power and infrared detection

We designed a sector bowtie nanoantenna integrated with a rectifier (Au−TiO_x−Ti diode) for collecting infrared energy. The optical performance of the metallic bowtie nanoantenna was numerically investigated at infrared frequencies (5−30 μm) using three-dimensional frequency-domain electromagnetic field calculation software based on the finite element method. The simulation results indicate that the resonance wavelength and local field enhancement are greatly affected by the shape and size of the bowtie nanoantenna, as well as the relative permittivity and conductivity of the dielectric layer. The output current of the rectified nano-rectenna is substantially at nanoampere magnitude with an electric field intensity of 1 V/m. Moreover, the power conversion efficiency for devices with three different substrates illustrates that a substrate with a larger refractive index yields a higher efficiency and longer infrared response wavelength. Consequently, the optimized structure can provide theoretical support for the design of novel optical rectennas and fabrication of optoelectronic devices.     

对称零面积变换结合L-M拟合自动识别重叠光谱峰

Raman光谱分析中,由于仪器光谱分辨率的限制和复杂的目标成分,经常存在着谱峰重叠现象。容易导致谱峰参数提取乃至样品成分分析错误,更为现场光谱的自动分析处理增加了难度。重叠光谱峰的识别已成为现场光谱学处理的难点,针对这个问题,建立了一套自动识别重叠谱峰的方法：以多个高斯峰的组合作为重叠光谱解析模型,首先以对称零面积变换寻峰方法确定高斯峰的个数和初步的峰位、峰高、宽度参数,并以Levenberg-Marquardt方法对获得的初始高斯峰参数进行拟合优化,最终获得各个独立谱峰的拟合参数。对该方法进行了测试,其中以仿真数据进行的算法实验证明,对称零面积变换寻峰获得的初始参数与真实值较为接近,在此基础上进行的参数优化收敛速度快,对峰参数的提取可获得较高的准确度;以具有不同信噪比的实测Raman光谱数据进行的算法实验证明,该方法可以适用于信噪比在较大范围变化的信号,但对信噪比过低的实测信号则容易产生虚假峰和漏峰。研究证明,以对称零面积变换寻峰结合L-M拟合自动识别重叠光谱峰的方法具有一定的实用价值。     

Passivation of defect states in surface and edge regions on pn-junction Si solar cells by use of hydrogen cyanide solutions

The local photovoltage of the pn-junction single-crystalline silicon solar cells observed by spot light scanning gradually decreases in the vicinity of edges. The energy conversion efficiency is increased by shadowing the edge regions where the local photovoltage is lower, showing that the defect density is high in the edge regions. From the analysis of the local photovoltage, the spacial distribution of defect states is obtained. The cyanide method, i. e., immersion of solar cells in HCN solutions at room temperature, increases the local photovoltage and increases the energy conversion efficiency.      

Prospect of triggering the <Superscript>178m2</Superscript>Hf isomer and the role of resonance conversion

A mechanism of triggering the 12.7keV E3 transition, based on the new decay mode of the 31y isomer via resonance internal conversion and emission of a 1.4keV X-ray quantum, is considered. Actually, this decay mode was observed previously in the decay of 45- and 46-fold ions of ¹²⁵Te . For the purpose of triggering, the atomic radiative vertex has to be induced by resonance radiation. This mechanism makes triggering by an order of magnitude more efficient than triggering a bare nucleus, and is achieved at a lower combination frequency. An experiment is proposed for the direct observation of the new decay mode. This also offers a new way of resonance scattering of these X-rays. Triggering through higher-lying 2573 and 2805keV states is also considered. The results are extended to the general problem of triggering. The main obstacle for enhancing the efficiency is a high internal conversion rate. For this reason, shape isomers with low multipole order --E1 , M1 , and with a high enough energy of triggering transition are of interest for triggering. The partial ionization of the outer electrons will also help. The same recommendations hold for triggering isomers in laser-produced plasma.     

Modified smart pixel mapping method for displaying orthoscopic 3D images in integral imaging

In this paper, we propose a modified smart pixel mapping (MSPM) method for displaying orthoscopic three-dimensional (3D) images with a function of depth control in integral imaging system. In the proposed MSPM, the depth-converted elemental image array (EIA) is obtained through the pixel mapping process and the image interpolation technique. The proposed method gives us the depth conversion at distances different from the position of 3D object and provides various types of EIAs using only an original EIA for orthoscopic images. To show the usefulness of the proposed method, we carry out the preliminary experiments and present the experimental results.     

数控高精度PWM调制特种电源

介绍了两种斯特林制冷机数控驱动源,分析了单极性驱动方式与双极性驱动方式对红外探测芯片产生的干扰情况,并根据与系统的联试比较了两种数控驱动源的优缺点.说明了数字滤波技术、PID控制算法及V/F转换电路在提高温控精度和减少电源对探测芯片干扰中的优势.     

Shannon Entropy Loss in Mixed-Radix Conversions

This paper models a translation for base-2 pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs) to mixed-radix uses such as card shuffling. In particular, we explore a shuffler algorithm that relies on a sequence of uniformly distributed random inputs from a mixed-radix domain to implement a Fisher–Yates shuffle that calls for inputs from a base-2 PRNG. Entropy is lost through this mixed-radix conversion, which is assumed to be surjective mapping from a relatively large domain of size 2J to a set of arbitrary size n. Previous research evaluated the Shannon entropy loss of a similar mapping process, but this previous bound ignored the mixed-radix component of the original formulation, focusing only on a fixed n value. In this paper, we calculate a more precise formula that takes into account a variable target domain radix, n, and further derives a tighter bound on the Shannon entropy loss of the surjective map, while demonstrating monotonicity in a decrease in entropy loss based on increased size J of the source domain 2J. Lastly, this formulation is used to specify the optimal parameters to simulate a card-shuffling algorithm with different test PRNGs, validating a concrete use case with quantifiable deviations from maximal entropy, making it suitable to low-power implementation in a casino.     

Adiabatic Berry phase in an atom-molecule conversion system

We investigate the Berry phase of adiabatic quantum evolution in the atom-molecule conversion system that is governed by a nonlinear Schrödinger equation. We find that the Berry phase consists of two parts: the usual Berry connection term and a novel term from the nonlinearity brought forth by the atom-molecule coupling. The total geometric phase can be still viewed as the flux of the magnetic field of a monopole through the surface enclosed by a closed path in parameter space. The charge of the monopole, however, is found to be one third of the elementary charge of the usual quantized monopole. We also derive the classical Hannay angle of a geometric nature associated with the adiabatic evolution. It exactly equals minus Berry phase, indicating a novel connection between Berry phase and Hannay angle in contrast to the usual derivative form.     

氧热法电石合成的反应平衡和热匹配分析

针对氧热法电石合成中吸热的生成反应和放热的碳燃烧反应耦合,从热力学角度对电石生成途径、反应化学计量平衡以及吸、放热反应热耦合进行了分析。结果表明:(1)电石由CaO+3C→CaC2+CO一步直接生成的可能性更大;(2)不同化学计量对应4种不同反应体系,各体系电石平衡转化率都随温度升高而升高,随压强增大而减小,电石与氧化钙发生副反应的转化率大致为随温度升高而先升后降;(3)反应热匹配量和匹配条件取决于电石生成反应物料处理量和电石纯度要求。电石生成反应与燃烧供热反应耦合于同一反应器是可行的。