The effect of pressure on the dissociation constant of hydrofluoric acid and the association constant of the NaF ion pair at 25°C

The effect of pressure on the dissociation constant of hydrofluoric acid was determined by using the indicator technique at 25°C at an ionic strength of 0.1m over a pressure range of 1 to 2000 atm. A value of 3.14 for pK _a ^* at I =0 was obtained by extrapolation to zero ionic strength at 1 atm. The pressure dependence yielded a partial molar volume change of –9.6 cm³-mol^–1 and a compressibility change of — 35×10^–3 cm³-mol^–1 –atm^–1 for the dissociation. The dependence of ionic strength on the association constant K _A ^* of NaF was studied at 25°C and 1 atm. Extrapolation to I=0 yielded a pK _A ^* of –0.78. The pressure dependence of K _A ^* gave a change of volume of 3.26 cm³-mol^–1 and a change in compressibility of 6×10^–3 cm³-mol^–1-atm^–1 for the formation of the ion pair.     

Determination of various deformation processes in impact-modified PMMA at strain rates up to 105%/min

The deformation processes in impact-modified PMMA, which deforms homogeneously, were determined by means of the stress/strain experiment (, ) with simultaneous lateral strain measurement (_lat) in a wide range of strain rates () up to 10⁵%/min (impact stress). The elastic, plastic cavitation and plastic shear processes were determined as a function of strain. Therefore we calculated the elastic strain ( _el), the elastic volume expansion ( _{vol el}), the cavitation strain ( _cav), which is identical with the plastic volume expansion ( _{vol pl}), the shear strain ( _sh) and the energy densities (W_el, W_cav, W_sh) related to these three processes.For strains of 3 % onward it was found that plastic shear processes and plastic cavitation processes are responsible for a partial loss of elastically stored energy. Both plastic processes turn out to be mostly anelastic deformations, their amount depending strongly on the strain rate. The contributions of the processes to the total deformation of the unmodified PMMA in its strain range are similar to those of the impact-modified PMMA, and the high impact strength is caused by a shift of the catastrophic rupture to very high strains.     

A stratospheric chemical reaction controlling climatic change

It has been established from geological studies that change in the atmospheric content of carbon dioxide gas commenced about one hundred million years ago. The likely origin of this change is advanced as being the onset of the Brewer circulation caused by the rise in terrain induced by tectonic plate movement. It is demonstrated that tectonic plate movement can be affected by impacts from external bodies which penetrate the crust of the Earth. The consequences of the change in atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide are proposed as first, extinctions and reductions in animal numbers, including primates, as a result of changes in body chemistry of these animals and second, a change in the rate of weathering of rocks giving rise to changes in the availability of chemicals such as calcium and potassium which are essential for plant and animal life. This latter change contributing to the extinctions and reductions in animal numbers. It is shown that the change in weathering can account for the rise to dominance of angiosperm plants. It is concluded that there were several simultaneous evolutionary environments on Earth which were a function of altitude which gave rise to a vertical variation in atmospheric content of carbon dioxide. This variation disappeared with rise of terrain and the onset of the Brewer circulation. Such changes are advanced and being much more important than any changes in temperature caused by greenhouse effects since the disappearance of atmospheric variations in carbon dioxide allowed animal migration. It is demonstrated that the conditions of extinction could be reintroduced by human activities.     

Surface area of papermaking woodpulps used by the British paper industry

The surface area was determined for various papermaking woodpulps: bleached eucalyptus globulus sulphate pulp; bleached eucalyptus grandis sulphate pulp; bleached betula verrucosa sulphate pulp; bleached pine/spruce sulphate pulp; bleached pine/spruce sulphate pulp fines. The method of negative adsorption was used which gives an effective wet surface area. By looking at negative adsorption data more closely, some inference can be made about the morphology of the substrate.Glossary of symbols B (e²/2kT)^1/2 - ¯C concentration of fibre per unit volume of pulp - 1 - ¯¯c - h angle between pore and the axis of the bed in a permeable material - K permeability coefficient - k Boltzmann constant - k ₀ shape factor for pores in a permeable material - n _i concentration of co-ion in the bulk solution - n _i experimentally observed increase in concentration of co-ion in the bulk solution - S surface area - S _t wS - S ₀ surface area per unit volume of permeable material - V _t total volume of solution - V excluded volume - V _s excluded volume accessible to water but not to ions - V _obs experimentally observed excluded volume - w weight of dry fibre - ¯ effective volume of fibres in a permeable pad - surface potential at outer Helmholtz plane     

浅谈开放教育与图书馆服务

广播电视大学图书馆是电大的文献信息中心,随着开放教育这一新的教育模式的出现,图书馆也应在整体上做出相应的改革,树立“以人为主体”的服务理念。未来图书馆事业发展的核心是信息增值服务和人本服务。     

中国小冰期区域气候演化研究

在我国不同地区通过不同代用资料如冰芯、树轮、孢粉、湖泊沉积物、历史文献记录等恢复的小冰期气候的基础上, 分析总结了小冰期我国气候演化的区域分异特征,并探讨其原因机制,力图为未来气候变化提供参考。     

浅论新型师生关系的建构

随着素质教育的不断推进和深化，建立新型的师生关系在教学改革中显得尤为重要。通过师生相互沟通使学生参与教学决策，通过了解学生需求以融合师生感情并增强学生的主体意识，从而在更高的层次上激发学生参与教学活动和教学管理的积极性、主动性，使学生能够开放思维的空间，激发创新灵感，并真正成为学习的主人。     

长江流域棉花种植面积变化遥感监测--以安庆市和池州市为例

决定棉花产量的关键因素之一是棉花的种植面积,适时准确地掌握棉花的种植面积对于科学指导棉花生产具有十分重要的意义.文章以安庆市、池州市为例,系统地介绍了在棉花种植面积遥感监测过程中,通过土地利用背景数据库建设,以及基于背景数据的棉花种植面积遥感解译,准确地监测了棉花种植面积及其变化率.结果显示长江流域棉花主要集中分布于沿江的洲圩区,其次分布于沿江的岗地和丘陵;在2001～2002年度,棉花种植面积变化主要是减少,在2002～2003年度,棉花种植面积变化主要是增加.究其变化的原因,主要受棉花市场价格和气候条件的影响.     

陕西省人均粮食与人均耕地变化研究

对陕西省人均粮食及人均耕地变化进行了时空差异分析,结果表明:(1)近50余年的绝大多数年份为人均粮食占有量的递增期,且不同时段的增幅不同;粮食增长率大于人口增长率的时期,对应人均粮食的增长时期;(2)1978—1998年绝大多数地、市人均粮食递增,且地域差异明显;(3)近50多年来全省耕地面积总体逐年递减,近10年来减少之势加剧;同期人口数量的持续增长,造成人均耕地面积急剧减少.相关回归分析显示:各地、市人均粮食绝对增量与其相对增量之间呈正相关,人均粮食增加量占粮食增量的份额整体偏低;提高粮食生产水平及控制人口是增加全省人均粮食占有量的重要途径.     

利用空间大地测量技术研究地球动力学最新进展

空间大地测量以高精度，高时空分辨率测定地球整体（地球自转）和各圈层（特别是大气，海洋与地壳）的运动，使地球动态变化的监测，研究及应用呈现了崭新的面貌，本文介绍了近年来国际地球动力学最新发展概况，内容包括地壳运动，地球自转，重力场时间变化等。