Viscosity at small scales in polymer melts

Flows around small colloidal particles of diameter b, or in thin films, capillaries, etc., cannot always be described in terms of the macroscopic polymer viscosity. We discuss these features for entangled polymer melts, where two distinct regimes can be found: (a) the thin regime where b is smaller than the coil radius R₀, but larger than the diameter of the Edwards tube; (b) the ultrathin regime, where . We consider (i) non adsorbing particles, where slippage may occur between the melt and the solid surface; (ii) “hairy” particles, which carry some bound polymer chains. We obtain scaling predictions for mobilities of spheres, of needles, and of clusters of particles. We also discuss translational and rotational diffusion of needles. Received 19 April 1999     

Ascending air bubbles in solutions of surface-active molecules: Influence of desorption kinetics

We present and discuss experiments on bubble rise velocities performed in various solutions of surface-active molecules; we particularly focus our study on the role of bulk-surface exchanges. For proteins, the vanishing desorption limit (irreversible adsorption) can be achieved experimentally and measurements are found in quantitative agreement with the stagnant cap model. The opposite limit of fast exchange rates is obtained by using short alcohols that turn out to slightly influence bubble velocities; a surface remobilization at high concentrations has been evidenced with isopropyl alcohol. Received 16 November 1999 and Received in final form 24 March 2000     

Study on a New Ignition Method of the Spark Gap Based on Plasma Ejection in Air

A new ignition method of the spark gap based on plasma ejection is proposed in this paper, as the conventional trigatron spark gap performs poorly under the low working coefficient (the ratio of the charging voltage to the self‐breakdown voltage) in air. The plasma is generated by the capillary discharge, which has high pressure, high temperature and high velocity. The capillary discharge device is placed inside the low voltage electrode. As long as the triggering signal is sent to the device, a column of the plasma flow is ejected in axial direction and develops rapidly towards the high voltage electrode. Subsequently, the gap is broken down and a high resistive channel is formed, where the thermal ionization takes place and the arc across the whole gap is generated and develops into a well conductive channel. The process of the thermal ionization of the high resistive channel varies with the change of the spark gap distance. The breakdown delay and the delay jitter of the spark gap increase with the spark gap distance, as both parameters are mainly determined by the developing process of the plasma ejection. The characteristics of the plasma flow determine the possibility of the breakdown of the spark gap under the low working coefficient. The ignition method based on capillary plasma ejection has been proved by the preliminary experiments, which indicate that under the gap length of 8 cm and the working coefficient of less than 3%, the effective ignition is still achievable.     

基于拓扑优化的自发热体冷却用植入式导热路径设计方法

对于具有较低导热系数和较高生热率的热源材料(自发热体),通过优化植入内部的高导热材料的布局以降低内部温度,是实现自发热体冷却的重要措施.如何设计自发热体内部高导热材料的布局,是实现热源内部热量高效收集和温度控制的关键问题.本文研究建立植入式导热路径的拓扑优化设计方法,考虑高导热材料的植入对于热源分布的影响,以实现自发热体冷却的内置导热路径最优设计.基于固体各向同性材料惩罚模型(solid isotropic material with penalization,SIMP)拓扑描述方法,以高导热材料的相对密度为导热路径描述参数,分别选择合适的热传导系数和生热率的插值模型以建立热传导系数和生热率与相对密度的关系,并以结构散热弱度最小为目标,建立了植入式导热路径设计的拓扑优化数学模型和求解方法.该优化模型能够反映高导热材料的布局对热源布局的影响.通过具体算例,给出了贴片式散热路径与植入式散热路径的拓扑优化结果.设计结构表明,两种优化模型获得的最优散热构型存在较大不同,并且考虑植入高导热材料对热源布局影响的设计结果散热性能优于贴片式散热路径的设计结果.数值算例验证了本文所提出方法的正确性和有效性.      

导电圆柱薄壳的热磁弹性效应分析

研究了磁场环境中受机械载荷作用的导电圆柱薄壳的热磁弹性问题．首先,根据电动力学方程和广义Ohm定律,得到了导电薄壳电流密度的分布,考虑到Joule热效应及热平衡方程,得到了导电薄壳的温度分布．其次,通过几何方程、物理方程、运动方程和电动力学方程导出了导电薄壳在机械场、电磁场以及温度场作用下的基本方程．最后,采用差分法及准线性化方法,得到了可以应用离散正交法求解的准线性微分方程组．对于导电圆柱薄壳,得到了Lorentz力表达式,并且推导了温度场积分特征值．讨论了导电圆柱薄壳应力、温度及变形随外加电磁参量的变化规律,并通过实例证实了可以通过改变电、磁、力场的参数来实现对薄壳的应力、应变、温度的控制．     

基于印刷电子的透明导电薄膜研究进展

透明导电薄膜是一种在可见光范围内透光率较高、导电性优良的薄膜材料.近年来随着智能手机、平板电脑等电子产品日益普及,透明导电薄膜受到越来越多的关注.本文分析了目前占据市场统治地位的掺锡氧化铟透明导电薄膜的缺点以及近年来国内外对透明导电薄膜开展的研究工作,总结了目前在印刷电子领域透明导电薄膜的主要研究方向,一方面是在传统金属氧化物薄膜基础上的改进;另一方面是寻找新型透明导电薄膜材料,并分别综述了各个研究方向的最新进展.     

碳酸盐岩储层复杂孔隙结构研究现状及进展

碳酸盐岩储层由于受沉积环境和成岩作用的影响,其往往表现出强烈的非均质性,传统储层“四性”评价已无法满足碳酸盐岩储层表征的要求,要想明确储层本质特征,微观孔隙结构评价成为必然选择。为了了解目前碳酸盐岩储层孔隙结构研究现状,在参阅大量文献的基础上,将目前碳酸盐岩储层孔隙结构评价方法系统分为五大类：实验分析法、核磁共振测井评价法、基于分形特征的定量表征法、成像测井孔隙度谱分析法和孔隙结构指数表征法。这些评价方法的使用均存在使用局限性,要想建立连续、方便及可靠的孔隙结构评价方法,今后还需从岩石导电机理方面深入研究,其中基于岩石物理实验分析及模拟的复杂孔隙导电规律是重要研究方向。     

导电高聚物聚2,5—二甲基苯胺的化学合成与特性

报道了聚２，５－二甲基苯胺的化学合成，并用标准四探针方法测定其电导率，以ＦＴＩＲ，ＵＶ－Ｖｉｓ吸收光谱，无素分析和ＣＶ法对其性质进行了研究。本征太民的ＰＤＭｅＡｎ能溶于多种有机溶剂，如ＣＨ２Ｃｌ２，ＣＨＣｌ３，ＤＭＳＯ，ＤＭＦ等。     

电子导电聚合物[Ge(Pc)O]_n的高分辨电子显微像

聚酞菁锗氧烷［Ｇｅ（Ｐｃ）Ｏ］ｎ由酞菁锗二醇的单晶体在 １０－１Ｐａ的真空度和 ４４０℃的温度下于固态加热１０小时缩聚而成。用透射电子显微镜摄得了该聚合物单晶体中包含分链在内的（１００）晶面的条纹像。图像清楚地表明在该种聚合物晶体中，分子链有两种不同的配置方向：平行于板条状晶片的长边或与之成６０°的夹角。在它的高分辨电子显微像中，不但可以看到明显的镶嵌块结构，而且可以清楚地看到刃位错、空位、非周期性结构与 Ｋｉｎｋ等晶体缺陷。     

One-dimensional optical reflectors based on self-organization of polymeric comb-shaped supramolecules

We demonstrate that complexation of dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid, DBSA, to a diblock copolymer of polystyrene- block-poly(4-vinylpyridine), PS- block-P4VP, leads to polymeric supramolecules PS- block-P4VP(DBSA)y (y = 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0), which self-organize with a particularly large lamellar periodicity in excess of 1000 A. The structures consist of alternating PS and P4VP(DBSA)y layers, where the latter contains smaller internal structure, probably lamellar. The DBSA side chains are bonded to the pyridines by protonation and hydrogen bonding and they effectively plasticize the material. In this way relatively well-developed structures are obtained even without annealing or macroscopic alignment. Transmission and reflectance measurements show that a relatively narrow and incomplete bandgap exists for supramolecules of high molecular weight block copolymer at ca. 460 nm.