桉树杂交种与其亲本的近红外光谱判别

研究桉树控制授粉后目标性状的基因作用方式是探索其基因重组规律的重要内容。常规的数量统计分析精度往往不高,而DNA分析的专业要求高,且费时费力。该研究利用近红外光谱(NIRs)研究不同基因型桉树杂交种、亲本及杂交种与亲本间近红外光谱信息的关系,探索NIRs用于桉树杂交种与其亲本判别的可行性和准确性。以控制授粉的桉树亲本及其杂交F1代材料为对象,每种基因型从各自田间试验分别选取10个单株,采集树冠中上部新鲜健康叶片。用手持式近红外仪Phazir Rx(1624)采集桉树杂交种与其亲本叶片的NIRs信息。每单株选10片完全生理成熟的健康叶片,避开叶脉扫描其正面光谱5次,以50条NIRs信息的均值代表单个叶片的NIRs信息,最终每个基因型获得10条NIRs信息。对原始NIRs采用二阶多项式S.G一阶导数预处理。预处理后的NIRs用于多元统计分析,首先对桉树杂交亲本和子代样本进行主成分分析(PCA),直观展示不同基因型的分类情况。然后运用簇类独立软模式(SIMCA)和偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)两种有监督的判别模式验证NIRs用于桉树杂交种与其亲本树种的分类判别效果。PCA结果显示,不同的亲本间、杂交种间及杂交种与亲本间样本的主因子得分可以清晰地将各基因型分开。SIMCA模式判别分析中,桉树杂交种样本到亲本PCA模型的样本距离显示,待判别样本能够形成单独的聚类,且能直观反映两者的遗传相似。PLS-DA判别结果显示,桉树杂交亲本的PLS模型能通过预测其杂交子代的响应变量将其与亲本准确分开。结果表明,桉树叶片的NIRs信息可以准确地反映桉树杂交子代遗传信息的传递规律,NIRs判别模型可以准确地将各种基因型予以区分。因此,NIRs信息不仅可用于桉树杂交种和纯种的定性判别,还可以分析桉树基因重组过程中加性遗传效应的大小,从而为桉树遗传基础分析及其育种改良研究提供理论支撑。     

Toward computationally efficient combustion DNS with complex fuels via principal component transport

We investigate the potential of accelerating chemistry integration during the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of complex fuels based on the transport equations of representative scalars that span the desired composition space using principal component analysis (PCA). The transport of principal components (PCs) can reduce the number of transported scalars and improve the spatial and temporal resolution requirements. The strategy is demonstrated using DNS of a premixed methane–air flame in a 2D vortical flow and is extended to the 3D geometry to demonstrate the resulting enhancement in the computational efficiency of PC transport. The PCs are derived from a priori PCA of the same composition space using DNS. This analysis is used to construct and tabulate the PCs’ chemical source terms in terms of the PCs using artificial neural networks (ANN). Comparison of DNS based on a full thermo-chemical state and DNS based on PC transport with six PCs shows excellent agreement even for terms that are not included in the PCA reduction. The transported PCs reproduce some of the salient features of strongly curved and strongly strained flames. The results also show a significant reduction of two orders of magnitude in the computational cost of the simulations, which enables an extension of the solution approach to 3D DNS under similar computational requirements.     

Near-field characteristics of highly non-paraxial subwavelength optical fields with hybrid states of polarization

The vectorial structure of an optical field with hybrid states of polarization(So P) in the near-field is studied by using the angular spectrum method of an electromagnetic beam. Physical images of the longitudinal components of evanescent waves are illustrated and compared with those of the transverse components from the vectorial structure. Our results indicate that the relative weight integrated over the transverse plane of the evanescent wave depends strongly on the number of the polarization topological charges. The shapes of the intensity profiles of the longitudinal components are different from those of the transverse components, and it can be manipulated by changing the initial So P of the field cross-section. The longitudinal component of evanescent wave dominates the near-field region. In addition, it also leads to three-dimensional shape variations of the optical field and the optical spin angular momentum flux density distributions.     

Fingerprint image enhancement using data driven Directional Filter Bank

A new method based upon data driven tool, principal component analysis (PCA), for fingerprint enhancement is proposed in this paper. PCA is a very useful statistical technique that has found application in many different fields like image compression, face recognition and is commonly used for finding patterns in data of high dimension. In the proposed method, the input image is first decomposed into directional images using decimation free Directional Filter Bank (DDFB). Then these directional images are normalized. A data driven technique PCA is applied to these normalized directional fingerprint images, which gives the PCA filtered images. These are basically directional images. Then these directional images are reconstructed into one image which is the enhanced one. Simulation results are included illustrating the capability of the proposed method.     

基于视感知特征的多光谱高保真降维方法研究

为解决多光谱数据在降维压缩过程中的颜色精度保持问题,提出一种基于人眼视觉感知特征的多光谱数据高保真降维压缩方法(VPCM)。研究首先依据人眼视觉响应的非线性解析特征,成功构建了同时综合人眼光谱特征与色度特征的变换函数,并通过进一步构造的优化函数对其进行修正,以针对不同的样本集找到最佳变换方向,而后利用修正后的视觉特征变换函数对光谱样本集进行空间变换(Γ(S)=C),然后利用主成分分析方法对经视觉特征函数变换后样本集光谱数据进行降维压缩处理,并通过逆变换重构出样本集光谱数据(Γ-1(C)=^S),进行降维评价。实验选取四类具有典型代表性的数据集作为测试样本,分别以D50/2°条件下的CIELab色差和75组典型照明光源(钨丝灯、荧光灯和LED灯)下的平均同色异谱指数(MMI)作为色度主要评价指标,同时对比了Lab-PQR和2-XYZ两种较为先进的光谱降维算法。实验结果为VPCM方法的MMI值最小,其次是LabPQR,而2-XYZ的表现较差;VPCM方法在75组光源下对四组样本集的平均重构色差ΔEab也为最小,且最大样本平均色差及方差均要小于其他两种方法;VPCM方法的重构光谱精度介于Lab-PQR和2-XYZ之间,Lab-PQR的重构光谱精度最高。实验结果显示新方法色度压缩精度整体优于对比的两种方法,在变换参考条件下具有良好的色差稳定性,能够较好的应用于多光谱数据色度高保真压缩。     

基于激光诱导击穿光谱技术的土壤快速分类方法研究

为实现不同种类土壤的快速分类鉴别,实验研究了基于激光诱导击穿光谱技术的土壤快速分类方法。由于不同类型的土壤在元素组成上会存在较大差异,所以利用激光诱导击穿光谱技术进行土壤分类具有可行性。不同土壤在相同实验条件下产生的等离子体温度会存在较大差异,可以作为分类的重要依据,所选择的7类土壤中,赤红壤的等离子体温度最高。选取土壤中6种常量元素Si,Fe,Al,Mg,Ca和Ti的光谱强度作为分类指标,利用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)对7种土类的25个样品进行了分类,其中砖红壤和赤红壤分类出现了交叠,而不同高山草甸土样品之间元素差异较大,并没有实现较好的聚类。利用反向传播神经网络(back-propagation artificial neural network)结合土壤的LIBS光谱对土壤进行了分类,分类结果与PCA结果相近,赤红壤与砖红壤出现了识别错误。当用PCA分析获得三个主成分值作为BP神经网络的输入量时,获得了较好的分类结果,因为简化了输入量,降低了BP神经网络的误差,此时只有一个高山草甸土被识别成褐土,而高山草甸土的等离子体温度显著低于褐土,所以结合不同土壤类型的等离子体温度差异,能够实现不同土壤的分类识别。实验证明激光诱导击穿光谱技术可以应用于土壤分类,为土壤普查和合理利用提高了一种新的技术。     

机器学习在紫外法测定硝酸盐氮浓度中的应用

紫外分光光度法(UV法)由于较传统化学方法具有效率高操作简便、无二次污染且可现场原位测试等优点,近些年来被广泛应用到水质参数的测试中。硝酸盐氮是工业废水中的主要污染物之一。基于UV法测量水体中硝酸盐氮浓度的标准方法是分别测量水样在220nm和275nm处的吸光度,然后用275 nm处的吸光度对220 nm处的吸光度进行校正,进而绘制出校正后的吸光度与硝酸盐氮浓度的标准曲线。然而,当硝酸盐氮浓度升高时,标准法所采用的朗伯比尔定律的线性关系以及不同物质吸光度叠加的线性不能很好地满足,在实际的实验测试中也发现,很难建立硝酸盐氮在220 nm处的吸收模型。为了克服单波长或双波长方法的缺陷,将硝酸盐氮吸收峰范围的各个波长的吸光特性引入到模型的建立之中。同时,为了降低模型的复杂度,在建立模型之前先对吸光度数据进行主成分分析,将输入数据的维度数从107压缩到4,然后对压缩后的数据使用局部加权线性回归法建模,该吸收模型对于训练样本和测试样本都有较好的预测结果,且能够适应高浓度时吸光度与浓度的非线性关系,测量上限可达几百mg·L-1。另外,此方法的原理和流程也适用于其他水质参数吸收模型的建立。     

石油组分的拉曼位移特征统计分析Ⅱ: 环烷烃和不饱和烃

了解不同类型烃类的拉曼光谱特征有助于更好地利用拉曼光谱技术分析烃类包裹体。主要统计和分析了环烷烃和不饱和烃的典型拉曼位移特征。结果显示,环戊烷和环己烷C-C键最强拉曼峰主要集中在1 440~1 460 cm-1之间,而通过环戊烷和环己烷分别在890和785 cm-1的稳定特征峰可以进行区分。环戊烷随着支链数的增加,其C-C键最强拉曼峰的波数增大至1 460 cm-1。含一个支链的五元环烷烃C-C键最强拉曼峰位于1 445 cm-1,含两个支链的五元环烷烃C-C键最强拉曼峰为1 450 cm-1,含三个及以上支链的五元环烷烃C-C键最强拉曼峰为1 460 cm-1。环己烷随着支链数增加C-H键最强拉曼峰发生红移,C-C键最强拉曼峰主要分布在1 440~1 460 cm-1范围内。含一个支链的环己烷最强拉曼峰组合特征明显,分布在1 445 cm-1±,1 034 cm-1±,2 853 cm-1±和2 934 cm-1±,含两个支链的环己烷C-C键分布在1 440~1 460 cm-1,C-H键的最强拉曼峰为2 926 cm-1±,含三个支链的环己烷具有1 459 cm-1±和2 924 cm-1±的最强拉曼峰组合。烯烃碳碳双键的特征峰为1 641 cm-1±。炔烃特征峰在2 200 cm-1±,而1 445 cm-1±,2 908 cm-1±和2 933 cm-1±三个强峰可作为辅助识别标志。这些特征可以用于识别烃类包裹体中的环烷烃和不饱和烃。     

Characteristic features of carbazole phosphorescence quenching by benzophenone molecules in toluene at 77 K

We have studied the characteristic features of carbazole phosphorescence quenching by benzophenone in toluene at 77 K. We have shown that the decrease in the relative phosphorescence intensity for carbazole (energy donor) by a greater factor than we see for the relative change in its decay time is due to the fact that a change in the phosphorescence decay time occurs only for carbazole molecules participating in triplet-triplet energy transfer, while the substantial decrease in the phosphorescence intensity for carbazole with no change in the phosphorescence decay time is connected with quenching of its singlet states. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 554–556, July–August, 2006.