Study of polymer treatment with tetrafluoromethane plasma: Reactivity of fluorinated species on model surfaces

Polyolefins and their model molecules, some n-alcanes, have been modified by a tetrafluoromethane microwave plasma. The chosen molecules are high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and hexatriacontane (HTC), low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and paraffin, and polycaprolactone (PCL) and octadecyl octadecanoate (ODO). It has been found, except for paraffin, that the model surfaces have the same behavior as the corresponding polymers. Plasma modification is described as the sum of two mechanisms: degradation and fluorination. These reactions seem to be competitive and parallel. Degradation and fluorination rates are dependent on treatment time and are practically independent on substrate position. A domain of fluorination exists near the edge of plasma, whatever the substrate in or outside plasma. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Sample decomposition in an electrically heated cold-trap inlet system for high speed gas chromatography

Thermal decomposition of some hydrocarbon and chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds in metal capillary tubes used in an inlet system for high speed gas chromatography has been investigated. The metal tube is cooled to about ?75°C by a flow of cold nitrogen gas in order to focus a vapor sample cryogenically. A capacitive discharge power supply is then used to heat the metal tube resistively in order to revaporize the sample and introduce it to the separation column as a plug 5-10 ms wide. The effects of tube temperature, tube material, sample vapor residence time, and type of carrier gas on thermal cracking are described. Use of a copper-nickel alloy tube resulted in less cracking than either pure platinum or pure nickel. Cracking is more significant with hydrogen as carrier gas than with helium. Cracking also increases with increasing sample residence time in the hot tube. Quantitative sample injection with minimum decomposition can be obtained for a variety of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds.     

A comparison of electron ionization mass spectra obtained at 70 eV,low electron energies,and with cold EI and their NIST library identification probabilities

Electron ionization (EI) mass spectra of 46 compounds from several different compound classes were measured. Their molecular ion abundances were compared as obtained with 70‐eV EI, with low eV EI (such as 14 eV), and with EI mass spectra of vibrationally cold molecules in supersonic molecular beams (Cold EI). We further compared these mass spectra in their National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library identification probabilities. We found that

1. Low eV EI is not a soft ionization method, and it has little or no influence on the molecular ion relative abundances for large molecules and those with weak or no molecular ions.
2. Low eV EI for compounds with abundant or dominant molecular ions in their 70 eV mass spectra results in the reduction of low mass fragment ions abundances thereby reducing their NIST library identification probabilities thus rarely justifies its use in real‐world applications.
3. Cold EI significantly enhances the relative abundance of the molecular ions particularly for large compounds; yet, it retains the low mass fragment ions; hence, Cold EI mass spectra can be effectively identified by the NIST library.
4. Different standard EI ion sources provide different 70 eV EI mass spectra. Among the Agilent technologies ion sources, the “Extractor” exhibits relatively abundant molecular ions compared with the “Inert” ion source, while the “High efficiency source” (HES) provides mass spectra with depleted molecular ions compared with the “Inert” ion source or NIST library mass spectra.

These conclusions are demonstrated and supported by experimental data in nine figures and two tables.     

Effect of γ-radiation on ointment cold cream

In this paper, Co-60γ ray was used to irradiate the ointment cold cream at room temperature (25°C). We also used FTIR, GC and thin film chromatogram to analyse various irradiated samples. It was found that the ointment cold cream can be irradiated at dose of 5–35 kGy and at dose rate from 0.2 to 0.6 kGy/h at room temperature (25°C) without evident decomposition. At dose of 5–15 kGy, the number of bacteria can be reduced to hygienic standard value. The radiation sterilization is a safe method for killing the bacteria in the ointment cold cream.     

基于模型库的冷连轧过程控制仿真支撑系统

结合当前实际应用对改善仿真建模过程的需求,以简化专业领域仿真过程、提高仿真建模效率为目的,提出了以模型重用技术为基础,基于领域模型库的仿真支撑系统的思想,给出了仿真支撑系统总体结构设计方案,并针对带钢冷连轧过程优化控制系统,就标准仿真流程框架的提取、层次化领域模型库的构建及支撑系统运行机制的实现等关键问题进行了探讨·应用实例说明本文提出的仿真支撑系统总体框架及运行机制是可行的·     

CC60汽轮机冷态启动汽缸温差大原因分析及处理

仪征化纤热电厂 3、4号双抽机组长期以来存在着冷态启动时上下缸温差过大问题。结合此型机组配汽机构的特点 ,分析了冷态开机时上下缸温差较大的原因 ,从理论上计算出高压油动行程为 6 1mm时 ,能使调节级处上下缸温差控制在合格范围内 ,并在运行中作了验证     

Rapid cold hardening process of insects and its ecologically adaptive significance

In contrast to overwintering cold hardening, a rapid cold hardening process has recently been described in insects. This process can rapidly enhance cold tolerance of insects in several hours or even minutes. The characteristics of rapid cold hardening include inducing conditions, cold hardening effects, and fitness costs. Physiological and biochemical mechanisms of rapid cold hardening include rapid changes in the phospholipid composition and the increase in hemolymph osmolalities, polyols production, proline and cold-induced proteins. Moreover, there are different views about the ecologically adaptive significance of rapid cold hardening in insects. This paper reviews research results about rapid cold hardening of insects since 1987, focusing on forms of cold injury, strategies of cold tolerance, and definitions, characteristics, physiological and biochemical mechanisms and adaptive significance of rapid cold hardening.     

等壁异型管冷弯孔型计算机辅助设计

提出一种等壁异型管冷弯成型的简易计算方法，同时可利用计算机对孔型系统进行辅助设计。该方法适用于任意复杂断面等壁冷弯异型材成型的孔型设计过程。     

聚丙烯酸酯类柴油降凝剂的合成、表征及性能研究

介绍了聚丙烯酸酯类柴油降凝剂的合成和应用性能。聚丙烯酸酯降凝荆是以丙烯酸、直-链高碳醇为原料，其中n(丙烯酸)：n(混合醇)=1．2：1，以甲苯为溶剂，以对甲苯磺酸为催化刺(w=1％)，酯化生成丙烯酸酯；再以偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂(用量5．5g／mol共聚单体)，恒温80℃聚合10h制得。该剂对多处柴油的纯降凝度可达16-19℃，冷滤点降低可达6～10℃。     

三元共聚衍生物类低温流动改进剂应用研究

三元共聚物(SMAE)衍生物是一种新型的低温流动性改进剂,不仅广泛应用于原油及燃料油的降凝,而且还能较好地降低燃料油的冷滤点。本文报道了应用方面的试验结果,并提出了提高低温流动改进剂适应性的一些看法。