用于油水分离的聚结技术及其进展

对处理油水乳化液聚结分离技术的研究进展进行了综述,包括聚结床类型与材料、聚结的过程以及影响聚结性能的参数。重点介绍了多孔聚结床、颗粒聚结床和纤维聚结床的研究与应用;总结了液滴聚结过程中的接近机理、粘附机理和释放机理;详细叙述了填料表面性质、尺寸和流速、聚结床厚度、表面活性剂及其他因素对聚结性能的影响,指出了研究者对影响参数不一致甚至矛盾的结论。根据其研究状况阐述了存在的问题,其中聚结机理和影响参数需要进一步实验验证,提出了聚结技术未来研究和发展的方向。     

Evolution of droplet size distribution and composition in miniemulsions

A fundamental understanding of the formation, degradation and polymerization of miniemulsions has been hindered by difficulties in quantifying their monomer droplet size distribution (DSD). In this work, particle sizing techniques including capillary hydrodynamic fractionation, acoustic attenuation spectroscopy, surfactant titration, and microscopy were adapted to characterize miniemulsion DSDs. The key ingredient in miniemulsions is the costabilizer, a low water solubility compound that limits monomer diffusion from the smaller to larger droplets (Ostwald ripening). The DSD evolution of styrene miniemulsions employing hexadecane (HD) as costabilizer was characterized. With less costabilizer, droplets were initially smaller, but increased in average size with time, and their DSDs broadened. These changes were slowed with addition of extra surfactant after homogenization. After several days, the average droplet size increased to about 150 nm regardless of the amount of HD or surfactant used. The HD content of separated portions of centrifuged miniemulsions was measured and showed significant Ostwald ripening within minutes after preparation. The further evolution of the DSD is attributed primarily to droplet coalescence. Less composition change occurred with either higher HD content or post‐homogenization surfactant addition, both of which led to minimization of free energy, increasing stability. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 1529–1544     

DROPLET COLLISION AND COALESCENCE MODEL

A new droplet collision and coalescence model was presented,a quick-sort method for locating collision partners was also devised and based on theoretical and experimental results,further advancement was made to the droplet collision outcome. The advantages of the two implementations of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method were used to limit the collision of droplets to a given number of nearest droplets and define the probability of coalescence,numerical simulations were carried out for model validation.Results show that the model presented is mesh-independent and less time consuming,it can not only maintains the system momentum conservation perfectly,but not susceptible to initial droplet size distribution as well.     

Effects of coalescence and breakup on the steady-state morphology of an immiscible polymer blend in shear flow

The steady-state morphology of an immiscible polymer blend in shear flow has been investigated by optical microscopy techniques. The blend is composed by poly-isobutylene (PIB) and poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) of comparable viscosity. Experiments were performed by means of a home-made transparent parallel plate device. The two plates can be independently counterrotated, so that sheared droplets of the dispersed phase can be kept fixed with respect to the microscope point of view, and observed for long times. The distribution of drops and their average size were measured directly during flow at different shear rates and for different blend compositions. It was found that the average drop size in steady-state conditions is a decreasing function of the applied shear rate, and does not depend on blend composition for volume fractions up to 10%. Experiments have proved that, in the shear rate range which could be investigated, the stationary morphology is controlled only by coalescence phenomena, droplet breakup playing no role in determining the size of the dispersed phase. More generally, it has been shown that the steady-state morphology is a function not only of the physical parameters of the blend and of the shear rate, but also of the initial conditions applied to the blend. The steady-state results reported in this paper constitute the first direct experimental confirmation of theoretical models which describe the mechanisms of shear-induced drop coalescence.     

Constitutive modeling of void-growth-based tensile ductile failures with stress triaxiality effects

In most metals and alloys, the evolution of voids has been generally recognized as the basic failure mechanism. Furthermore, stress triaxiality has been found to influence void growth dramatically. Besides strain intensity, it is understood to be the most important factor that controls the initiation of ductile fracture. We include sensitivity of stress triaxiality in a variational porous plasticity model, which was originally derived from hydrostatic expansion. Under loading conditions rather than hydrostatic deformation, we allow the critical pressure for voids to be exceeded so that the growth due to plasticity becomes dependent on the stress triaxiality. The limitations of the spherical void growth assumption are investigated. Our improved constitutive model is validated through good agreements with experimental data. Its capacity for reproducing realistic failure patterns is also indicated by a numerical simulation of a compact tensile (CT) test.     

Bubble Coalescence Modeling in the Population Balance Framework

In the churn-turbulent bubbly flow regime with highly nonuniform bubble size distributions, bubble breakage and coalescence are important processes because they govern the bubble size distribution and consequently directly affect the interfacial mass, momentum, and heat transfer fluxes through the renewal bubble surfaces. At present, accurate prediction of bubble size distributions of dispersed gas–liquid flows by use of the population balance (PB) equation is a difficult task. The modeling of bubble breakup and coalescence rates is very complex and is based on the knowledge of collision and breakup frequencies, breakage daughter size distributions, and probability of coalescence. In this work, we focus on the coalescence phenomenon. The coalescence models are still on an empirical level and the mechanisms are not fully understood. This motivates the analysis of the suitability of the coalescence closures for the prediction of experimental data obtained from coalescence dominated gas–liquid flows. For this task, a cross-sectional averaged combined multifluid-PB model is adopted. Based on different theories for the coalescence efficiency, the simulation results show a similar trend in the prediction of the experimental data. Good prediction of the Sauter mean diameter is achieved although the shape of the bubble size distribution is not completely reproduced. The second aim of this work is to review the PB framework. Here, focus is placed on the coalescence term and the combined multifluid-PB model based on kinetic theory approach.     

油中水滴静电聚并微观机理研究

利用电场对多相体系进行分离处理广泛应用于石油化工等行业,电场力作用下液滴间的相互运动聚并是聚结的基础和前提条件.本文从液滴间静电力学模型出发,通过动态微观实验对液滴的聚并过程进行了完整的记录和分析,确定不同实验条件下液滴的聚并方式和角度,以及液滴从静止状态到发生相对运动时的临界条件.结果发现当两等大液滴间距与液滴半径之比大于1时,液滴间中心连线与电场力夹角θ<54.7°或θ>125.3°,两液滴间作用力表现为吸引力,当液滴间距较小时,能产生聚结的最大倾角增大为81.3°.液滴间相对距离增大时,移动临界电场强度迅速升高,较大液滴发生相对移动所需的场强低于小颗粒液滴.实验结果验证了相关理论,进一步完善了静电聚结机理.     

Numerical simulation on partial coalescence of a droplet with different impact velocities

Partial coalescence is a complicated flow phenomenon. In the present study, the coalescence process is simulated with the volume of fluid(VOF) method. The numerical results reveal that a downward high-velocity region plays a significant role in partial coalescence. The high-velocity region pulls the droplet downward continuously which is an important factor for the droplet turning into a prolate shape and the final pinch-off. The shift from partial coalescence to full coalescence is explained based on the droplet shape before the pinch-off. With the droplet impact velocity increasing, the droplet shape will get close to a sphere before the pinch-off. When the shape gets close enough to a sphere, the partial coalescence shifts to full coalescence. The effect of film thickness on the coalescence process is also investigated. With large film thickness,partial coalescence happens, while with small film thickness, full coalescence happens. In addition, the results indicate that the critical droplet impact velocity increases with the increase of surface tension coefficient but decreases with the increase of viscosity and initial droplet diameter. And there is a maximum critical Weber number with the increase of surface tension coefficient and initial droplet diameter.     

A Simple Route to the Synthesis of Pt Nanobars and the Mechanistic Understanding of Symmetry Reduction

Noble-metal nanocrystals with anisotropic shapes have received increasing interest owing to their unique properties. Here, a facile route to the preparation of Pt nanobars with aspect ratios tunable up to 2.1 was reported by simply reducing a Pt^IV precursor in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) at 160 °C in the presence of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP). In addition to its commonly observed roles as a solvent and a reductant, DMF could also decompose to generate CO, a capping agent capable of selectively passivating Pt{100} facets to promote the formation of nanobars. The size and aspect ratio of the nanobars could be tuned by varying the amount of Pt^IV precursor involved in the synthesis, as well as the concentration of PVP because of its dual roles as a stabilizer and a co-reductant. Our mechanistic study indicated that the anisotropic growth resulted from both particle coalescence and localized oxidative etching followed by preferential growth.     

一种基于微孔洞聚合模型的韧性材料失效判据

通过对阵列微孔洞附近应力场的三维有限元数值模拟计算,分析了韧性材料动态失效强度与材料应变率和材料中微孔洞相对间距的数值关系.基于微孔洞聚合模型,通过对微孔洞相对间距与微孔洞附近局部静水拉应力之间数值关系的分析,认为微孔洞之间韧带上静水拉应力对微孔洞相对间距很敏感,从而建立了以微孔洞相对间距和静水拉应力为参数的韧性材料动态失效判据.基于此失效判据,通过数值模拟得到韧性材料在不同应变率下的材料失效强度,并且可以合理解释韧性材料的动态失效.