A rapid enzyme assay for<Emphasis Type="Italic"> β</Emphasis>-galactosidase using optically gated sample introduction on a microfabricated chip

The ability to perform enzyme assays on microchips is demonstrated using optically gated sample introduction. The hydrolysis of fluorescein mono--d-galactopyranoside (FMG) by -d-galactosidase (-Gal) is continuously monitored using a microchip for 5 to 10 min. The outcome of the reaction was analyzed by performing serial on-chip separations of fluorescent substrate, FMG, and product, fluorescein. Kinetic information about -Gal has been successfully obtained by varying the concentration of FMG. -Gal enzymes from two different sources including bovine liver and E. coli., have been examined and compared to each other and to results obtained using traditional assay methods. In addition, the competitive inhibition of -Gal by phenylethyl -d-thiogalactoside (PETG) and -lactose has been studied using this technique. PETG is found to have higher inhibition than lactose in the hydrolysis. This separation-based enzyme assay technique avoids the possible fluorescence interference between FMG and fluorescein, which is a problem with the traditional plate assay method. Additionally, the amount of the enzyme and substrate required with this technique is at least four orders of magnitude lower than the traditional plate assay method. By using optically gated sample introduction, microchips allow continuous serial injections and separations without any potential switch, thus making this technique ideal as a sensor for enzyme assays. This technique should therefore be valuable for high-throughput screening in the drug discovery industry.     

Simultaneous detection of uric acid and glucose on a dual-enzyme chip using scanning electrochemical microscopy/scanning chemiluminescence microscopy

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning chemiluminescence microscopy (SCLM) were used for imaging an enzyme chip with spatially-addressed spots for glucose oxidase (GOD) and uricase microspots. For the SECM imaging, hydrogen peroxide generated from the GOD and/or uricase spots was directly oxidized at the tip microelectrode in a solution containing glucose and/or uric acid (electrochemical (EC) detection). For the SCLM imaging, a tapered glass capillary (i.d. of 1∼2 μm) filled with luminol and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as the scanning probe for generating the chemiluminescence (CL). The inner solution was injected from the capillary tip at 78 pl s⁻¹ while scanning above the enzyme-immobilized chip. The CL generated when the capillary tip was scanned above the enzyme spots was detected using a photon-counter (CL detection). Two-dimensional mapping of the oxidation current and photon-counting intensity against the tip position affords images of which their contrast reflects the activity of the immobilized GOD and uricase. For both the EC and CL detections, the signal responses were plotted as a function of the glucose and uric acid concentrations in solution. The sensitivities for the EC and CL detection were found to be comparable.     

Attomole sensitivity for unlabeled proteins and polypeptides with on-chip capillary electrophoresis and universal detection by interferometric backscatter

A universal detector based on backscatter interferometry has been developed to perform nanoliter volume refractive index measurements for on-chip sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel based (polyethylene oxide gel) separations and quantification label-free proteins. The on-chip interferometric backscatter detector (OCIBD) system consists of a simple, folded optical train based on the interaction of a laser beam with an etched channel in the shape of half cylinder in a fused-silica plate. The backscattered light from the channel takes on the form of a high-contrast interference pattern that contains information related to the bulk properties of the fluid located within the probe or detection volume of 2.32 x 10(-9) L. Depending on capillary electrophoresis (CE) injection method, the positional changes of the interference pattern extrema (fringes) allow for the quantification of unlabeled proteins at levels ranging from 11 to 310 amol (2.7 x 10(-8)mol/L) with a linear dynamic range of 2.5 decades (egg albumin). Using OCIBD microchannel-based SDS capillary gel electrophoresis (SDS/CGE), separation and detection of five label-free proteins was achieved in less than 100 seconds with detection limits ranging from 0.95 pg (1.1 x 10(-16)mol or 2.5 x 10(-7)mol/L) of calmodulin to 7.0 pg (1.0 x 10(-16)mol or 2.4 x 10(-7)mol/L) for bovine serum albumin (BSA) without signal filtering or active thermal control. This development shows that a universal detector based on backscatter interferometry can be used effectively for on-chip label-free solute analysis.     

像素分割对LED电流密度及光照度分布的影响

将300μm×300μm LED芯片阵列化为间隔为20μm的3×3个80μm×80μm的子单元,阵列化后,总饱和光输出功率是未阵列化前的5.19倍,最大注入电流提高近7倍,表明阵列可以注入更大的电流和输出更高的饱和光功率。此外,采用多颗阵列化后的LED芯片形成的芯片组照明,得知芯片组间距为最大平坦条件dmax时,接收面上照度均匀性最佳;芯片组数越多,接收面上均匀照度的面积越大。同时,9颗300μm×300μm的芯片阵列化为9个80μm×80μm LED芯片后,以dmax排列照明相对于9颗未阵列化的300μm×300μm芯片以dmax排列照明时,接收面上的光照度均匀性不变,照度值提高了3倍。     

基于ARM+交换芯片的协议转换器的设计

针对目前同步串行协议通信速率低和可靠性差的现状,设计了一个基于ARM加交换芯片的协议转换器来完成同步串行协议到网络通信协议的转换。设计采用S3C2440为核心处理器,并通过服务器和客户端建立连接,以套接字的形式将SPI协议转换成TCP协议接入到以太网,采用网络调试助手和串口调试助手对客户端和服务器的协议转换通信进行测试和分析。实验结果表明服务器通过SPI总线发出的数据经过封包后构造成可以在网络上转发的报文,经过交换芯片的端口转发到达客户端完成SPI到TCP协议的转换。     

双刃斜角切削流屑角的研究

流屑角是金属切削过程中的重要特征参数。关于正交切削和单刃斜角切削以及前角和刃倾角都为零的双刃斜角切削的流屑角的研究比较成熟。而对于前角和刃倾角均不为零的双刃斜角切削流屑角的研究尚存在较大分歧。本文对前角和刃倾角均不为零的双刃斜角切削的流屑角进行研究,建立切削模型;根据切削深度和进给量的不同,该切削模型可导出两种不同的模型;系统地研究前角、安装倾角、刀尖角及进给量和切削深度变化时,流屑角的变化规律并用实验验证,结果表明,该模型可以用来预测双刃斜角切削流屑角。     

基于遗传算法的转塔式贴片机贴装过程优化

在转塔式贴片机的贴片过程中,元件贴装顺序和元件在供料槽中的布置是影响转塔式贴片机贴装时间的主要因素.在分析实际工程应用的基础上,建立了转塔式贴片机的集成优化模型,在改进的遗传算法中,提出了一种二维符号编码方法,用元件编号描述元件贴装顺序,用供料槽编号描述元件在供料架中的布置情况,并用元件类型编码实现了两者之间的联系.针对提出的编码方式,采用了基于顺序的交叉和自适应的变异操作,并在算法内采用了并行结构,结合局部搜索策略,实现了元件贴装顺序和供料槽布置可同时优化.与其他方法的比较结果表明,该算法可实现贴装过程的优化,因此提高了印刷电路板的组装效率.     

单片机实践教学系统的研制

多年来由于实验条件较差等方面的因素,大多数学生学完课程后仍停留在理论层面上,不能灵活应用,而本文所述的单片机实践教学系统能够提高学生动手能力。系统的设计立足于教学大纲,能完成标准51核单片机及51增强核单片机的各种实验——键盘扫描、A／D转换、D／A转换、LED显示、LCD显示、PCA以及I^2C、SPI、UART各种串行总线;能满足现行教学中各种实验的要求。     

柴油机微粒过滤器再生控制系统设计

针对柴油机微粒过滤器（DPF）难以实现自动再生问题,提出了利用AT89C52单片机实现可靠的DPF再生控制系统的解决方案,利用传感器和A／D转换电路设计了信号采集及处理单元,辅助设计了实时时钟电路和RS232串行通信电路,还特别设计了稳压电源模块．最后开发了系统软件,使系统能实行实时控制,保证了系统的自动化、智能化工作．实践结果表明该系统设计合理、运行可靠．     

Switchable Hydrophobic Valve for Controlled Microfluidic Processing

A simple microfluidic valve, without any moving parts, is presented that can control solution flow on demand in microchannels of many different materials using a low‐power electric signal. Many independently operating valves can easily be integrated into complex microfluidic systems. The valve consists of a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) formed on a platinum electrode that is incorporated directly in the microchannel. The normally‐on valve stops the solution flow due to a hydrophobic SAM on the electrode surface. The solution is allowed to pass the valve by applying a potential to the electrode, which removes the SAM due to reductive desorption. The valve operation is highly stable and has switching times of the order of 1 s. The valve is ideal for controlled solution manipulation in integrated micro‐analytical systems and autonomous microfluidic systems.