Segregation in zirconia: equilibrium versus non‐equilibrium segregation

The present work considers the differences between the following two phenomena: equilibrium segregation, which is a thermodynamic phenomenon where the driving force is excess interfacial energy; and non‐equilibrium segregation, which can be produced by phenomenological shocks applied to the solid surface. Fully stabilized cubic yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is used as the exemplar for these considerations. Equilibrium segregation in YSZ results in enrichment of the surface and near‐surface layers in constituent elements, typically yttria and impurities. This segregation is an intrinsic material property and has an impact on the performance of zirconia at elevated temperatures. On the other hand, non‐equilibrium segregation leads to a complex distribution of properties (structure and concentration gradients) that are determined by the experimental procedures used rather than being a material property. However, such non‐equilibrium segregation can result in localized structural changes. The present paper also considers the effect of the gas phase on surface properties of metal oxides, including YSZ, and the surface dynamics of YSZ at temperatures below that required to reach equilibrium. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Monte‐Carlo simulation of spatial distribution of characteristic x‐rays in multi‐film targets: source size of Al Kα x‐rays in W/Al film targets

A Monte‐Carlo simulation approach has been applied to describe the spatial distribution of characteristic x‐rays in W/Al film targets of different combinations of film thicknesses for the optimal design of a small‐sized x‐ray source having a high x‐ray intensity. The result has led to optimal combinations of W and Al film targets for 100 kV electrons, e.g. W(1 µm)/Al(20 µm), W(3 µm)/Al(15 µm) and W(5 µm)/Al(8 µm). These Al/W targets could be used as x‐ray sources for a medical instrument currently under development. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel nomenclature of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons without using graph centre

In this paper, we develop a novel adjacency matrix, He-matrix, corresponding to the dualist graph. Without using the graph center concept, we advance a novel nomenclature of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Further, we derive some distinguishing theorems about PAH molecules and present some results of our automatic derivatization and automatic classification counting of fused PAH molecules.     

多组分光谱相关色谱及其在中药色谱指纺图谱分析中的应用

基于正交投影理论和相关色谱方法提出多组分光色谱方法提出多组分光谱相关 色谱。为克服联用色谱仪器的不等性噪声影响，采用目标组分投影前后的光谱夹角 余弦判据，判断不同的中药色谱指纹图谱的相关组分色谱峰簇。该方法为中药指纹 图谱的数据处理、合理评价以及中药谱效学的基本理论研究提供一种实用的工具。     

碳纳米管电极超大容量离子电容器交流阻抗特性

采用碳纳米管作为超大容量离子电容器的电极材料,应用交流阻抗频谱法,研究了超大容量离子电容器的频率响应特性.结果表明,用碳纳米管块作电极,超大容量离子电容器在频率250 mHz以下出现“电荷饱和”；而用活性炭块作电极, 超大容量离子电容器在频率为100 mHz时仍未出现“电荷饱和”,这说明碳纳米管电极超大容量离子电容器的频率响应特性优于活性炭电极超大容量离子电容器的频率响应特性.上述两类超大容量离子电容器的阻抗谱中均出现倾角约为45°的直线段,其相位角均远小于理想电容器的相位角90°.     

Effect of Ce<Superscript>3+</Superscript> on spectral characteristic of D1/D2/Cytb559 complex from spinach

It was studied by spectroscopy that PSII reaction center complex consisting of three polypeptides, D₁, D₂ and Cytb559, were purified from PSII particle of CeCl₃ treated spinach. The results of the experiment show that Ce³⁺ could improve the growth of spinach, and accelerate electron transport of PSII particles. Of chl-a of UV-Vis spectrum of D1/D2/Cytb559 complex, Soret band was blue-shifted by 3 nm and Q band by 2 nm, respectively, and the fluorescence emission peak was blue-shifted by 5 nm in CeCl₃-treated spinach compared with the one in control. By the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy methods, it has been found that Ce³⁺ is coordinated with 8 nitrogen atoms in the first coordination shell with Ce-N bond length of 0.253 nm, and Ce³⁺ with 6 oxygen atoms in the second coordination shell with Ce-O bond length of 0.32 nm. However, the secondary structure of D1/D2/Cytb559 complex by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy has no significant change after CeCl₃ treated. It might be that Ce³⁺ binds to porphyrin rings of chlorophyll and oxygen of amino acid residue of polypeptide in D1/D2/Cytb559 complex, and then accelerates the primary reaction of PSII, intensifies function of P680⁺ primary electron donor of D1/D2/Cytb559, but there is little change in conformation of PSII reaction center complex.     

自动网格体系在柱体绕流大涡模拟中的适用性评估

为了评估基于snappyHexMesh方法生成的自动网格体系在二维柱体绕流大涡模拟中的适用性,比较了该自动网格体系与人工网格体系对于Re为3 900圆柱绕流和Re为22 000方柱绕流的数值模拟结果。通过设置合理的计算域以及数值格式,采用snappyHexMesh自动网格以及人工网格的算例都表现出良好的数值稳定性。将不同网格体系的数值模拟结果与物理试验结果进行对比,结果表明,采用snappyHexMesh网格可以提高数值求解效率;圆柱绕流对网格体系的变化比较敏感,不同密度的snappyHexMesh网格会显著影响圆柱气动力特征以及尾流区域的流场结果;snappyHexMesh网格体系可以准确预测方柱绕流,在方柱绕流大涡模拟中具有相较于圆柱绕流更好的适用性。     

Complex and tropical counts via positive characteristic

We study two classical families of enumerative problems: inflection lines of plane curves and theta-hyperplanes of canonical curves. In these problems the complex counts and the tropical counts disagree. Each problem suggests a prime with special behavior. On the one hand, we analyze the reduction modulo these special primes, and we prove that the complex solutions coalesce in uniform clusters. On the other hand, we observe that the counts in special characteristic and in tropical geometry match.     

Standard pseudo-Hermitian structure on manifolds and seifert fibration

A strictly pseudoconvex pseudo-Hermitian manifoldM admits a canonical Lorentz metric as well as a canonical Riemannian metric. Using these metrics, we can define a curvaturelike function onM. AsM supports a contact form, there exists a characteristic vector field dual to the contact structure. If induces a local one-parameter group ofCR transformations, then a strictly pseudoconvex pseudo-Hermitian manifoldM is said to be a standard pseudo-Hermitian manifold. We study topological and geometric properties of standard pseudo-Hermitian manifolds of positive curvature or of nonpositive curvature . By the definition, standard pseudo-Hermitian manifolds are calledK-contact manifolds by Sasaki. In particular, standard pseudo-Hermitian manifolds of constant curvature turn out to be Sasakian space forms. It is well known that a conformally flat manifold contains a class of Riemannian manifolds of constant curvature. A sphericalCR manifold is aCR manifold whose Chern-Moser curvature form vanishes (equivalently, Weyl pseudo-conformal curvature tensor vanishes). In contrast, it is emphasized that a sphericalCR manifold contains a class of standard pseudo-Hermitian manifolds of constant curvature (i.e., Sasakian space forms). We shall classify those compact Sasakian space forms. When 0, standard pseudo-Hermitian closed aspherical manifolds are shown to be Seifert fiber spaces. We consider a deformation of standard pseudo-Hermitian structure preserving a sphericalCR structure.Dedicated to Professor Sasao Seiya for his sixtieth birthday     

光伏模组积灰与阴影特性分析及识别方法

针对光伏模组积灰与阴影特性识别问题,详细分析了积灰和阴影的光伏特性曲线差异,揭示了阴影光伏曲线的拐点时变特性。提出由特性曲线的拐点数量及电流电压特性条件共同构成训练模型的输入特征量,基于CatBoost算法训练积灰和阴影识别模型。最后,利用光伏模组实测数据对CatBoost算法、ID3和GA-BP算法训练出的识别模型进行性能分析和对比测试,结果表明基于CatBoost训练出的识别模型输入量区分性强、诊断精度高,极具工程应用价值。