Surface treatment of CaCO3 with a mixture of amino- and mercapto-functional silane coupling agents and tensile properties of the rubber composites

In order to reinforce the composite consisting of isoprene rubber (IR) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) particles, the surface treatment of CaCO₃ particles with a mixture of amino- and mercapto-functional silane coupling agents was investigated. The quantity of chemisorbed silanes in treated CaCO₃ measured using thermogravimetry was greater for amino- than for mercapto-silane and for the tri- than for the dialkoxy structure. Second, the molecular mobility of polycondensate of the mixtures with the trialkoxy structure measured using ¹H pulse nuclear magnetic resonance had the least molecular mobility, i.e., formed the highest density network. The greater values of stress at 500% strain, fracture stress, and elongation at break were determined for the treatment with amino- and mercapto-functional silanes having a trialkoxy structure from the stress-strain curves of composite. The mixture treatment with dialkoxy structure and with amino- or mercapto-functional silane only did not improve the mechanical properties sufficiently. Interactions between the amino group and the CaCO₃ surface, covalent bonding between the mercapto group and the IR, and high density network formation of trialkoxy silane were important for improving the mechanical properties of the composite.     

低本底伽马能谱测量在沉积岩分类判别中的应用及其影响因素探讨

沉积岩中放射性元素铀、钍、钾的含量主要取决于岩石中泥质的含量,而泥质含量的高低是判别沉积岩类别的主要依据,因此,可以将铀、钍、钾的比活度或含量值作为判别沉积岩岩类的量化指标。利用低本底伽马能谱法测量岩石样品中铀、钍、钾的比活度或含量,可以快速、准确地进行岩类判别。由于放射性测量受样品几何形状、样品质量及其所含水分含量变化的影响,因此岩类判别的准确性会受到影响。通过理论探讨和实验验证,发现各待测核素特征峰计数率值与样品质量成线性关系, 且不同的能量区域、不同的岩性,线性关系系数与趋势拟合程度都是不同的;当样品的水分含量不超过10%(取样时,岩屑水分不超过10%)时,对测量结果的影响很小(变化值均在一倍均方差以内),因此,水分含量对低本底伽马能谱法判别沉积岩岩类的准确性不产生显著的影响,一般可以不予考虑。对陕西定边某油气勘查区钻孔岩屑样品进行判别试验,对实测数据进行质量校正后,利用铀、钍、钾道的“归一化”计数率值(即单位质量的计数率)只能粗略地划分不同沉积岩的大类,再以铀、钍、钾特征峰的合峰计数率建立综合判别模式,能够对岩类进行进一步细分,且判别准确度达到75%以上。     

Miscibility and Isothermal Crystallization Behavior of Poly (Butylene Succinate-co-Adipate) (PBSA)/Poly (Trimethylene Carbonate) (PTMC) Blends

Poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA)/poly (trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) blend samples with different weight ratios were prepared by solution blending. The morphologies after isothermal crystallization and in the melt were observed by optical microscopy (OM). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to characterize the isothermal crystallization kinetics and melting behaviors. According to the OM image before and after melting, it was found that the blends formed heterogenous morphologies. When the PTMC content was low (20%), PBSA formed the continuous phase, while when the PTMC contents was high (40%), PBSA formed the dispersed phase. The glass transition temperatures (T_g) of the blends were determined by DSC and the differences of the T_g values were smaller than the difference between those of pure PBSA and PTMC. In addition, the equilibrium melting points were depressed in the blends. According to these results, the PBSA/PTMC blends were determined as being partially miscible blends. The crystallization kinetics was investigated according to the Avrami equation. It was found that the incorporation of PTMC did not change the crystallization mechanism of PBSA. However, the crystallization rate decreased with the increase of PTMC contents. The change of crystallization kinetics is related with the existences of amorphous PTMC, the partial miscibility between PLLA and PTMC, and the changes of phase structures.     

Synthesis and Raman spectroscopic study of Mg/Al,Fe hydrotalcites with variable cationic ratios

Hydrotalcites of formula Mg₆(Al,Fe)₂(OH)₁₆(CO₃)·4H₂O formed by intercalation with the carbonate anion as a function of divalent/trivalent cationic ratio have been successfully synthesised. The XRD patterns show variation in the d‐spacing attributed to the size of the cation. Raman and infrared bands in the OH stretching region are assigned to (1) brucite layer OH stretching vibrations, (2) water stretching bands and (3) water strongly hydrogen bonded to the carbonate anion. Multiple (CO₃)²⁻ symmetric stretching bands suggest that different types of (CO₃)²⁻ exist in the hydrotalcite interlayer. Increasing the cation ratio (Mg/Al,Fe) resulted in an increase in the combined intensity of the two Raman bands at around 3600 cm⁻¹, attributed to Mg OH stretching modes, and a shift of the overall band profile to higher wavenumbers. These observations are believed to be a result of the increase in magnesium in the structure. Raman spectroscopy shows a reduction in the symmetry of the carbonate, leading to the conclusion that the anions are bonded to the brucite‐like hydroxyl surface and to the water in the interlayer. Water bending modes are identified in the infrared spectra at positions greater than 1630 cm⁻¹, indicating that water is strongly hydrogen bonded to both interlayer anions and the brucite‐like surface. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Combined effects of high pressure and sodium hydrogen carbonate treatment on pork ham: improvement of texture and palatability

In this study, the combined effects of high pressure and sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO₃) treatment on the physical and chemical properties, and palatability of pork ham, a tough and under-utilized meat, were investigated. Assessment of meat properties with heat treatment, after exposure to NaHCO₃ and high pressure treatment, revealed an increase in water content, and decreased weight reduction and rupture stress. The free amino acid content of meat samples increased with NaHCO₃ and high pressure treatment. The effect of high pressure processing was especially notable at a pressure of 300 MPa. Sensory evaluation showed that meat subjected to high pressure processing after NaHCO₃ treatment was tender and juicy. In addition, the sample produced minimal residue in the mouth and was characterized by a good taste.     

Group Theoretical Analysis of the v 1 (CO 3 2-) Vibration in Crystalline Calcium Carbonate

A group theoretical analysis, based on the correlation method, is presented for the symmetric stretch vibration of the carbonate ion in three crystalline forms of calcium carbonate: calcite, aragonite and vaterite. Numbers of Raman and infrared active components are calculated and compared with experimental data, including those from a recent Raman study of vaterite. It is shown that the splitting observed for v _l in vaterite is compatible with two of the proposed crystal structures for this compound.     

Carbon K‐edge spectra of carbonate minerals

Carbon K‐edge X‐ray spectroscopy has been applied to the study of a wide range of organic samples, from polymers and coals to interstellar dust particles. Identification of carbonaceous materials within these samples is accomplished by the pattern of resonances in the 280–320 eV energy region. Carbonate minerals are often encountered in the study of natural samples, and have been identified by a distinctive resonance at 290.3 eV. Here C K‐edge and Ca L‐edge spectra from a range of carbonate minerals are presented. Although all carbonates exhibit a sharp 290 eV resonance, both the precise position of this resonance and the positions of other resonances vary among minerals. The relative strengths of the different carbonate resonances also vary with crystal orientation to the linearly polarized X‐ray beam. Intriguingly, several carbonate minerals also exhibit a strong 288.6 eV resonance, consistent with the position of a carbonyl resonance rather than carbonate. Calcite and aragonite, although indistinguishable spectrally at the C K‐edge, exhibited significantly different spectra at the Ca L‐edge. The distinctive spectral fingerprints of carbonates provide an identification tool, allowing for the examination of such processes as carbon sequestration in minerals, Mn substitution in marine calcium carbonates (dolomitization) and serpentinization of basalts.     

中温烟气脱硫过程中CO2对脱硫剂钙利用率的影响

本文在300～600℃的中温区段,实验研究了CO2在烟气脱硫过程中与钙基脱硫剂发生碳酸盐还原反应,削弱脱硫效果的规律,发现石灰钙利用率随温度升高呈跳跃式变化,并因碳酸盐反应程度的迅速增加而在500℃附近出现低谷.由此明确了减小碳酸盐反应效应,提高脱硫剂钙利用率的途径,为进一步发展中温烟气脱硫工艺提供了重要依据.     

超细碳酸钙的制备与表征

本文探讨了乳液法制备油溶性超细碳酸钙的最佳实验条件，并对获得的超细碳酸钙进行了表征.实验结果表明:超细碳酸钙形状呈球形，粒度均匀，粒径分布在。. O1 ^-0. 03}m之间，在许多有机溶剂中具有良好的分散性.     

二氧化碳和甲醇直接合成碳酸二甲酯的研究进展

碳酸二甲酯是一种重要的绿色化工原料,其合成路线正朝着简单化、无毒化和无污染化的方向发展,以二氧化碳和甲醇一步法直接合成碳酸二甲酯在合成化学、碳资源循环利用和环境保护方面都具有重要意义。该文综述了近年来二氧化碳和甲醇直接合成碳酸二甲酯的研究开发最新进展,对不同催化体系的设计理论基础、催化反应机理、催化工艺技术以及催化性能等进行了评述。二氧化碳和甲醇直接合成碳酸二甲酯反应过程中受热力学和反应物有效活化程度的影响存在着催化剂活性或选择性不高,产率低等技术屏颈,着眼于将来产业化的可能性,重点讨论了目前不同催化体系的优缺点,为今后寻找更加合适的催化活性组分及载体进行理论分析,不断提高催化剂的活性和选择性。