错流过滤中由颗粒沉积模型对滤饼厚度的分析

膜过滤过程中污染物颗粒会不断在膜表面沉积从而形成滤饼,其所带来的通量下降使膜过滤效率下降.为分析微粒在沉积过程中的机理与影响因素,以单个微粒的受力为基础,建立了过滤过程中滤饼厚度的方程式,为尽量降低膜过滤阻力提供了理论参考.     

Extraction of trace nitrophenols in environmental water samples using boronate affinity sorbent

In this research, the applicability of a new sorbent based on boronate affinity material is demonstrated. For this purpose, six strong polar nitrophenols were selected as models which are difficult to be extracted in neutral form (only based on hydrophobic interactions). The extracted nitrophenols were separated and determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. The sorbent was synthesized by in situ copolymerization of 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid and divinylbenzene using dimethyl sulfoxide and azobisisobutyronitrile as porogen solvent and initiator, respectively. The effect of the preparation parameters in the polymerization mixture on extraction performance was investigated in detail. The size and morphology of the sorbent have been characterized via different techniques such as infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The important parameters influencing the extraction efficiency were studied and optimized thoroughly. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the limits of detection (S/N = 3) and limits of quantification (S/N = 10) for the target nitrophenols were 0.097–0.28 and 0.32–0.92 μg/L, respectively. The precision of the proposed method was evaluated in terms of intra- and inter-assay variability calculated as RSD, and it was found that the RSDs were all below 9%. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied for environmental water samples such as wastewater, tap, lake and river water. The recoveries varied within the range of 71.2–115% with RSD below 11% in all cases. The results well demonstrate that the new boronate affinity sorbent can extract nitrophenols effectively through multi-interactions including boron–nitrogen coordination, hydrogen-bond and hydrophobic interactions between sorbent and analytes.     

Copolymers derived from rapeseed derivatives via ADMET and thiol-ene addition

Novel (co)polymers were synthesized from substances obtained from rapeseed via ADMET and thiol-ene additions. α,ω-Dienes derived from oleic and erucic acid were copolymerized with a ferulic acid derivative, a representative phenolic acid (p-hydroxycinnamic acid) present, for instance, in rapeseed cake. Copolymers with different ratios of these monomers were prepared via two different routes (ADMET and thiol-ene) and studied in detail. Both monomer and polymer synthesis were optimized in order to achieve high yielding synthetic procedures that meet the requirements of green chemistry. Some thermal properties of the resulting copolymer series were then studied and correlated to the co-monomer composition.     

A near equitable 2-person cake cutting algorithm

Let the cake be represented by the unit interval of reals, with two players having possibly different valuations. We propose a finite algorithm that produces contiguous pieces for both players such that their values differ by at most ?, where ??>?0 is a given small number. Players are not required to reveal their complete value functions, they only have to announce the bisection points of a sequence of intervals. If both utility functions are everywhere positive then the algorithm converges to the unique equitable point.     

Reduction of Breakdown Pressure by Filter Cake Removal Using Thermochemical Fluids and Solvents: Experimental and Numerical Studies

The process of well cleanup involves the removal of an impermeable layer of filter cake from the face of the formation. The inefficient removal of the filter cake imposes difficulty on fracturing operations. Filter cake’s impermeable features increase the required pressure to fracture the formation. In this study, a novel method is introduced to reduce the required breakdown pressure to fracture the formation containing the water-based drilling fluid filter cake. The breakdown pressure was tested for five samples of similar properties using different solutions. A simulated borehole was drilled in the core samples. An impermeable filter cake using barite-weighted drilling fluid was built on the face of the drilled hole of each sample. The breakdown pressure for the virgin sample without damage (filter cake) was 6.9 MPa. The breakdown pressure increased to 26.7 MPa after the formation of an impermeable filter cake. Partial removal of filter cake by chelating agent reduced the breakdown pressure to 17.9 MPa. Complete dissolution of the filter cake with chelating agents resulted in the breakdown pressure approximately equivalent to the virgin rock breakdown pressure, i.e., 6.8 MPa. The combined thermochemical and chelating agent solution removed the filter cake and reduced the breakdown pressure to 3.8 MPa. Post-treatment analysis was carried out using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and scratch test. NMR showed the pore size redistributions with good communication between different pores after the thermochemical removal of filter cake. At the same time, there was no communication between the different pores due to permeability impairment after filter cake formation. The diffusion coupling through NMR scans confirmed the higher interconnectivity between different pores systems after the combined thermochemical and chelating agent treatment. Compressive strength was measured from the scratch test, confirming that filter cake formation caused added strength to the rock that impacts the rock breakdown pressure. The average compressive strength of the original specimen was 44.5 MPa that increased to 73.5 MPa after the formation of filter cake. When the filter cake was partially removed, the strength was reduced to 61.7 MPa. Complete removal with chelating agents removed the extra strength that was added due to the filter cake presence. Thermochemical and chelating agents resulted in a significantly lower compressive strength of 25.3 MPa. A numerical model was created to observe the reduction in breakdown pressure due to the thermochemical treatment of the filter cake. The result presented in this study showed the engineering applications of thermochemical treatment for filter cake removal.     

胜北构造硬脆性泥页岩裂隙特征及防塌机理

为了寻求吐哈油田胜北构造硬脆性泥页岩地层防塌措施,分析了其裂隙发育特征和坍塌机理,表明其综合水敏性属中～弱膨胀和中～弱分散,地层岩石具有典型硬脆碎特征,受山前构造运动产生的构造应力、蒙脱石在成岩脱水过程中产生的膨胀力以及厚薄不等的大段夹层煤的共同作用,形成了发育的裂隙和微裂缝,遇水（钻井液滤液）长时间浸泡易产生剥落掉块,引起周期性坍塌．采用提高钻井液的抑制性、改善钻井液的泥饼质量、封堵地层微裂缝的综合物理化学方法可以防治这类地层的井眼坍塌．     

茶籽油和饼粕的化学成分研究

本文报道了茶籽的化学成分和利用价值.经测定,茶子中粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗皂甙的含量分别为9.1%、21.9%和15.4%.茶籽油在理化特性和脂肪酸组成方面与油茶籽油十分接近.茶籽油的酸值、碘值和皂化值分别为1.82、89.41和191.22.茶籽油的脂肪酸有棕榈酸(C_(16∶0))、硬脂酸(C_(18∶0))、花生酸(C_(20∶0))、棕榈油酸(C_(16∶1))、油酸(C_(18∶1))、亚油酸(C_(18∶2))和亚麻酸(C_(18∶3))等七个组分.茶籽油中,不饱和脂肪酸为75.89%,其中油酸和亚油酸占73.83%,并测定了茶籽饼粕的化学成分和氨基酸组成.在其饼粕中,粗蛋白含量为16.4%,必需氨基酸齐全且含量较高。研究结果表明茶籽饼粕可以作为一种新的饲料资源加以利用.     

泥饼强度影响因素研究

用ＦＣＰ－２０００泥饼针入度仪对吐哈油田常用聚合物泥浆和聚磺泥浆体系中影响泥饼质量的因素进行了系统研究．结果表明体系中固相颗粒的含量及其粒度分布对泥饼强度的影响最大．虽然作用机理不同,但起抑制和封堵作用的处理剂都能提高泥饼强度,而尤以含有钾铵基聚合物的泥浆的泥饼强度最大．实验中还发现一具有规律的异常现象,即压力增加时,泥饼致密层变厚,但其强度却降低．现场泥浆检测标明,钾铵基聚磺泥浆具有最好的泥饼强度,最高可达４００ｇ以上．对水基钻井液体系而言,一般泥饼强度为２００ｇ左右即能满足工程要求．     

超滤膜处理地表原水膜阻力特性研究

从实际应用角度考虑,把膜阻力分为构造阻力、滤饼层阻力和吸附阻力,并将后两种阻力与水力冲洗强度联系起来,具有实用性.在过滤地表水源且当水中有机物含量变化不大时,吸附膜比阻力与过滤时间呈线形性增加.原水浊度较高时,吸附膜比阻力较小,反之较高.在过滤初期,吸附膜比阻力与原水UV254相关,原水UV254较高时,初始吸附膜比阻力较高,反之较低.滤饼层阻力随过滤时间呈线性下降.浊度较高的原水,滤饼层膜比阻力较小,且下降速率减缓,亦即由滤饼层阻力转化为吸附阻力的部分减少.因此,原水浊度适当提高,可降低总的膜阻力,增加透水通量.     

膜蒸馏法浓缩中药提取液过程膜污染机理类型的确定

用聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维疏水膜对中药提取液进行直接接触式膜蒸馏,测定了不同封装分率和料液流量下的跨膜通量。应用膜污染机理中的4种过滤模型分别对实验数据进行线性拟合,结果发现滤饼过滤模型的拟合程度最好。这说明在所研究的过程中膜污染物基本没有进入膜孔,为时短暂的膜孔堵塞也可以忽略,膜表面上滤饼层增厚是导致跨膜通量下降的最直接原因。