考虑注水温度及储层堵塞的注水破裂压力计算

 长期注水造成的储层温度变化和堵塞都会影响注水破裂压力。基于多孔介质弹性力学理论, 得到了考虑储层温度变化及堵塞时的井壁处有效应力分布规律, 建立了相应的注水破裂压力计算模型, 并分析了储层温度变化及堵塞程度对注水破裂压力的影响规律。计算结果表明:注水破裂压力随注水温度的降低而降低, 且成线性变化关系, 弹性模量和线膨胀系数越大, 注水破裂压力的变化幅度越大;与储层内部的污染带相比, 滤饼厚度及其渗透率对破裂压力的影响更大, 随着滤饼厚度的增加及其渗透率的降低, 破裂压力将会升高;井壁存在滤饼时, 污染带范围的增加将降低破裂压力, 而其渗透率对破裂压力则影响很小, 当滤饼不存在时, 储层内部污染带不会影响注水破裂压力。     

Biodiesel Production Using Wild Apricot (Prunus aitchisonii) Seed Oil via Heterogeneous Catalysts

We confined the formation and characterization of heterogenous nano-catalysts and then used them to produce biodiesel from the novel non-edible seed oil of Prunus aitchisonii. P. aitchisonii seeds’ oil content was extracted at about 52.4 ± 3% with 0.77% FFA. Three different heterogenous nano-catalysts—calcined (CPC), KPC, and KOH-activated P. aitchisonii cake Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂)—were synthesized using calcination and precipitation methods. The mentioned catalysts were characterized through XRD, SEM, and EDX to inspect their crystallin dimension, shape, and arrangement. Titanium dioxide has morphological dimensions so that the average particle size ranges from 49–60 nm. The result shows that the crystal structure of TiO₂ is tetragonal (Anatase). The surface morphology of CPC illustrated that the roughness of the surface was increased after calcination, many macropores and hollow cavities appeared, and the external structure became very porous. These changes in morphology may increase the catalytic efficiency of CPC than non-calcined Prunus aitchisonii oil cake. The fuel belonging to PAOB stood according to the series suggested by ASTM criteria. All the characterization reports that P. aitchisonii is a novel and efficient potential source of biodiesel as a green energy source.     

固井二界面泥饼仿地成凝饼与凝灰岩成岩的关联性

为了解固井二界面泥饼仿地成凝饼(MTA)的地质成岩作用,采用XRD、TG、SEM+EDX和XRF荧光分析测试技术对MTA与凝灰岩火山沉积作用成岩反应的关联性进行研究。结果表明:泥饼改性剂在MTA成岩反应中所起的作用与火山碎屑物质在凝灰岩成岩反应中所起的作用相类似,且物相和化学组成基本一致;凝饼形成剂将凝灰岩火山沉积作用成岩流体的缓慢形成过程直接化为一种现存成岩流体,加快了成岩反应速度,控制了反应产物的类型,二者的特征成岩现象和反应产物均有相似性,且均存在FeS2垃圾矿物析晶现象;随着养护时间延长,MTA凝饼的硅和铝含量均降低,而钙含量增加,即MTA的固化反应过程与火山灰质材料被碱激发后发生的"脱铝—结硅—吸钙"化学反应模式相一致。     

Parameterized Algorithmics for Computational Social Choice：Nine Research Challenges

Computational Social Choice is an interdisciplinary research area involving Economics, Political Science,and Social Science on the one side, and Mathematics and Computer Science（including Artificial Intelligence and Multiagent Systems） on the other side. Typical computational problems studied in this field include the vulnerability of voting procedures against attacks, or preference aggregation in multi-agent systems. Parameterized Algorithmics is a subfield of Theoretical Computer Science seeking to exploit meaningful problem-specific parameters in order to identify tractable special cases of in general computationally hard problems. In this paper, we propose nine of our favorite research challenges concerning the parameterized complexity of problems appearing in this context. This work is dedicated to Jianer Chen, one of the strongest problem solvers in the history of parameterized algorithmics,on the occasion of his 60 th birthday.     

流化床颗粒层过滤器过滤元件的结构优化

通过优化流化床颗粒层过滤器过滤元件的结构以避免蜂窝状滤饼的产生，实验研究了不同开孔率圆锥型过滤元件滤饼分布特征及阻力特性，证明圆锥型元件结构对消除蜂窝状滤饼的有效性，并提出了表征滤饼厚度分布均匀性的参数．     

山楂片中果胶质的测定

本文提出了以测定样品中果胶质含量来鉴别真假山楂片 (饼 )的方法。根据果胶质重量测定法 ,提出了山楂片的定性测定和定量测定方法。通过实验发现样品中果胶质含量在 1 %以上使用重量法测定较好 ,蔗糖对碘量法测定果胶质有明显正干扰。     

Inverted Wedding Cake Growth Operated by the Ehrlich–Schwoebel Barrier in Two‐Dimensional Nanocrystal Evolution

Wedding cake growth is a layer‐by‐layer growth model commonly observed in epitaxial growth of metal films, featured by repeated nucleation of new atomic layers on the topmost surface owing to the confinement of the Ehrlich–Schwoebel (ES) barrier. Herein, we report an inverted wedding cake growth phenomenon observed in two‐dimensional nanostructure evolution. Through a dynamically controlled vapor–solid deposition process of ZnO, a unique basin‐shaped crown was formed on the tip of each nanowire, featured with concentric steps. The atomic steps were nucleated along the edge and propagated toward the center. This is an opposite growth behavior compared to the conventional wedding cake growth, and is thus denoted as inverted wedding cake growth. Through the relation between the crown expansion rate and the temperature, the ES barrier of ZnO was determined to be 0.88 eV. The discovery of inverted wedding cake growth provided insight into the developing nanostructure growth mechanisms.     

Fast separation of native proteins using sub‐2 µm nonporous silica particles in a chromatographic cake

A novel method for the fast separation of native proteins was investigated using sub‐2 µm nonporous silica packing inside a chromatographic cake having a diameter much larger than its thickness. Various silica‐based particles ranging from 630 nm to 1.2 µm were synthesized and chemically modified with polyethylene glycol 600. The packing material was laterally packed into a series of chromatographic cakes containing the same diameter (10 mm) and different thicknesses, ranging from 2 to 10 mm, and tested by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The results showed that the sub‐2 µm NPS particles in a small chromatographic cake were found to have a high efficiency at a flow rate of 10 mL/min and a backpressure of <20 MPa. The effect of the thickness of the chromatographic cake on the resolution of the proteins was also investigated and it was found that too short a column length could dramatically decrease the protein resolution; the minimum column length was also qualitatively evaluated. The presented method is expected to be useful for routine analysis of native and/or intact proteins in hospitals and as a tool for the fast screening protein drugs and optimization of experimental laboratory conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Radio-Detoxication of Olive Cake

The possibility of reducing toxic substances in olive by-products subjected as animal feed stuffs after oil extraction was investigated.

Total phenols in fresh olive fruits were 0.6%(fruit),0.7%(woody pit) and 0.31%in cakes after extraction. Irradiation of the olive cake powder at different doses (0,10,50 and 100 kGy) was done as a trial to remove the toxic substances. The results proved that irradiation decreases total phenols of olive cake from 0.31% (control) to 0.21, 0.16 and 0.08%at the doses used, respectively.

Subcutaneously injected ethanolic extract of unirradiated or irradiated (with 10 kGy) olive cake was lethal to the rats, while at 50 and 100 kGy all rats survived.

Liver and heart functions were measured in terms of activities of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), total protein and lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH). In addition, plasma total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and blood heamoglobin were measured.

Results obtained showed that the toxic substances in olive cake induced toxicosis symptoms with the experimental rats treated with the irradiated (50 kGy) samples. The toxic compounds could be destroyed at an irradiation dose level of 100 kGy without harmful effects on liver and heart functions as well as heamoglobin, carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms. After further investigations, irradiation with 100 kGy shall be recommended to be used for detoxication of olive by-products for animal feeding without deleterious side effects.     

致密砂岩油藏压裂液伤害实验研究

致密砂岩油藏孔喉半径细小、连通性差,水力压裂过程中由于压裂液滤失、返排不彻底等因素极易造成储层伤害,有必要针对常用压裂液体系对储层基质和支撑裂缝导流能力的伤害进行评价。利用压裂液注入实验和导能能力测试仪测试了滑溜水压裂液、线性胶压裂液和交联胍胶压裂液的储层基质伤害、滤饼伤害和支撑裂缝导流能力伤害,结合核磁共振技术分析了压裂液滤失的孔径范围,揭示了三种压裂液对储层和支撑裂缝的伤害机理。三种压裂液对储层基质伤害和滤饼伤害与滤失系数有关,滤失系数越大,基质伤害越大,滤饼伤害越小。储层的滤饼伤害要大于基质伤害。针对致密砂岩储层,压裂液对储层基质的伤害主要是对储层中孔和大孔的伤害。三种压裂液对支撑裂缝导流能力的伤害大小和破胶液的残渣含量有关,残渣含量越高,对支撑裂缝导流能力的伤害也就越大。闭合压力越高,支撑裂缝导流能力伤害率也越高。对于致密砂岩油藏,减小滤饼形成和残渣的滞留是降低压裂液伤害的主要途径。