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用100、300、400、500及700mg/kg的红芪多糖腹腔注射正常及荷瘤小鼠,结果表明,该剂量能显著提高正常小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力及循环抗体的含量。(100,300mg/kg P<0.01,500,700mg/kg p<0.05),400mg/kg能使接种2×10~3个HA腹水型肝癌细胞的荷瘤小鼠淋巴细胞内cAMP和DNA含量明显增加,并能抑制小鼠AH细胞的增殖,其抑制率为51%(<0.01)。 相似文献
23.
Self-consistent Reaction Field (SCRF) computational methods have been applied to guanosine 3:5-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) to determine the geometries and energetics of the syn and anti conformations of this cyclic nucleotide in aqueous solution. The syn conformation of cGMP has been predicted to be more stable in the gas phase due to an internal hydrogen bond. The syn conformation is observed in the crystal structure of the sodium tetrahydrate salt, although a bridging water molecule is present in lieu of the internal hydrogen bond. In the gas phase, we find from Hartree–Fock/6-31+G(d) optimizations that the syn conformation is more stable than the anti by about 4 kcal/mol. However, we report here that the anti conformation is more stable in aqueous solution, according to estimates based upon results from both the Onsager model and the Isodensity Polarized Continuum Method (IPCM). Our best estimate from single-point IPCM B3LYP/6-31+G(d) calculations has the anti conformation 19 kcal/mol lower in energy. For comparison purposes, we also present SCRF results for syn and anti adenosine 3:5-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP). For cAMP, we estimate the anti conformation to be more stable than the syn by about 6 kcal/mol. We suggest that the relative stability of the anti conformation of cGMP be considered in studies, such as, enzyme docking. 相似文献
24.
E. A. Salter Kerrie A. O'Brien R. Wesley Edmunds A. Wierzbicki 《International journal of quantum chemistry》2008,108(6):1189-1199
The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are drug‐targeted enzymes that down regulate cyclic nucleotide concentrations in the cell by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the O3′‐phosphorous bond, yielding the noncyclic nucleotides. Selectivity for cAMP versus cGMP (cyclic 3′,5′‐adenosine/‐guanosine monophosphate) as the favored substrate is primarily attributed to the orientation of a conserved glutamine residue which binds to the adenine/guanine ring. We use ONIOM hybrid quantum methods to accurately describe substrate binding within the catalytic sites of the cAMP‐specific PDE4 and the cGMP‐inhibited, dual‐specific PDE3 in order to understand subtle aspects of substrate selectivity. We estimate PDE4's net preference for cAMP binding to be about 16 kcal/mol; the cause of cAMP's known preference resides both in its fixed glutamine orientation (Gln 369 in PDE4D) and in the differential free energy of solvation, which disfavors the binding of cGMP relative to cAMP by about 15 kcal/mol. Also, we discuss the contributing role played by Asn 321, held in place by a partner Asp 167, in the deselection of cGMP by PDE4. PDE3's conserved glutamine (Gln 988 in PDE3B) is free to take on either a cGMP‐favorable or cAMP‐favorable orientation. We find that enthalpies of binding favor cGMP for PDE3, but only by the same amount as free energies of solvation disfavor cGMP binding. Comparison of the PDE3‐cAMP and ‐cGMP complexes and energetics reveals cAMP to be more susceptible to the attack of the hydroxide nucleophile in PDE3. We identify a key threonine residue (Thr 952) as responsible for PDE3's kinetic relative disfavor of cGMP hydrolysis by causing Gln 988 to tilt out of cGMP's purine plane. Our results are consistent with the PDE3's kinetic specificity for cAMP hydrolysis and the known competitive inhibition of PDE3 by cGMP. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008 相似文献
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Hana Šev?íková Lenka Krausová František Štěpánek 《Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena》2010,239(11):879-4675
The emergence of wave patterns in chemical and biological systems is of interest for the understanding of development, differentiation, signaling, and other phenomena. In this work we report a new type of wave pattern - called the “global wave” - which was observed in populations of Dictyostelium discoideum cells exposed to an excess of cyclic adenosine- 3′, 5′- monophosphate (cAMP) added to the supporting agar. It has been found that the addition of different amounts of cAMP to the agar leads to important deviations from the standard course of aggregation: (i) the formation and propagation of a global wave that has not been observed before; (ii) the delayed onset or absence of cAMP waves patterning; (iii) an atypical mechanism of cells clustering; and (iv) a faster or incomplete developmental cycle. We suggest that the global wave is a chemotactic response of the Dictyostelium cells to a wave of the cAMP concentration. 相似文献
27.
Sha Zhu 《Analytica chimica acta》2009,636(1):105-149
A spectrometric method was investigated to measure the activities of recombinant human cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), based on the use of malachite green (MLG) to quantify phosphate released from adenosine-5′-monophosphate (AMP) by the action of calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIAP). Glycerol at 2% stabilized the complex between MLG and phosphomolybdate, whose absorbance at 630 nm was proportional to phosphate concentrations with resistance to common substances in PDE4 reaction mixtures except papaverine. CIAP had the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of (12.0 ± 2.1) μM (n = 3) for AMP at pH 7.4, and was resistant to EDTA below 0.20 mM. By the coupled end-point assay at 30.0 U L−1 CIAP with reaction durations within 30 min, the rates to release phosphate in PDE4 reaction mixtures containing 10.0 mM MgCl2 and 0.10 mM EDTA linearly responded to the amounts of PDE4 over wide ranges. Meanwhile, Km of PDE4 was (8.8 ± 0.2) μM (n = 2), zinc ion inhibited PDE4 and rolipram had the inhibition constant about 10 nM. These results supported that by the coupled end-point assay, this method was promising to screen of PDE inhibitors that had no interference with the MLG assay of phosphate. 相似文献
28.
Tim J. Fyfe Peter J. Scammells J. Robert Lane Ben Capuano 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2021,26(13)
(1) Background: Two first-in-class racemic dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) positive allosteric modulator (PAM) chemotypes (1 and 2) were identified from a high-throughput screen. In particular, due to its selectivity for the D1R and reported lack of intrinsic activity, compound 2 shows promise as a starting point toward the development of small molecule allosteric modulators to ameliorate the cognitive deficits associated with some neuropsychiatric disease states; (2) Methods: Herein, we describe the enantioenrichment of optical isomers of 2 using chiral auxiliaries derived from (R)- and (S)-3-hydroxy-4,4-dimethyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (d- and l-pantolactone, respectively); (3) Results: We confirm both the racemate and enantiomers of 2 are active and selective for the D1R, but that the respective stereoisomers show a significant difference in their affinity and magnitude of positive allosteric cooperativity with dopamine; (4) Conclusions: These data warrant further investigation of asymmetric syntheses of optically pure analogues of 2 for the development of D1R PAMs with superior allosteric properties. 相似文献
29.
为探讨甲醛是否通过信号分子途径影响造血系统的代谢调节,选用雄性Balb/c小鼠为研究对象,采用动态吸入方式染毒7 d,每天8 h,染毒浓度分别为0,0.5,1.0,3.0 mg/m3.染毒结束后,检测小鼠脑、血浆、骨髓中cAMP含量变化.结果表明,在不同浓度的甲醛暴露条件下,与空白对照组相比,脑组织中cAMP含量没有显著性变化;血浆中cAMP含量与对照组相比,0.5、3.0 mg/m3染毒组出现极显著性差异(P<0.01),1.0 mg/m3染毒组出现显著性差异(P<0.05);骨髓中cAMP含量与对照组相比,0.5,1.0,3.0 mg/m3染毒组都出现显著性差异(P<0.05).研究表明,甲醛暴露对造血系统的毒性与胞内信号分子cAMP传导途径相关. 相似文献
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