Y-Ba-Cu-O系超导体的水解性研究

高转变温度T_c的Y—Ba—Cu—O系超导体是目前最引人注目的超导材料。这种超导体在液氮沸点温度以上有稳定的零电阻温度T_o。对于不同的Y、Ba和Cu组分比,只要采用相应的烧结条件,均能制备出T_c>90K的超导样品。我们在实验中发现,此种体系超导体无论组分如何,均有明显的水解特性,最终失去超导电性。水解的最终生成物由X射线衍射测定决定。另外,利用计算机对超导体完全水解的温度-时间关系进行了模拟计算。我们以组分比Y:Ba:Cu=1:2:3均匀混料,在850℃下预烧4小时(h),然后磨碎并过筛,压制成直径16mm、厚度1.5mm的圆片,在960℃下通氧烧结9小时,得到     

油田配电网理论线损计算

分析了抽油机的负荷特性,提出一种改进的油田配电网理论线损计算方法。该方法将抽油机的瞬时有功功率近似表示成正弦的形式,分别得出有单台和汇有多台抽油机负荷的导线和变压器的线损电量表达式,推导出考虑负荷波动与不考虑负荷波动时支路的可变损耗电量计算值之间的关系表达式。对某油田一条具有13个负荷的典型配电线路的理论线损电量进行了计算,并分别与常规潮流计算方法和实测结果进行了比较。结果表明,提出的方法可行,并且提高了理论线损的计算精度。     

Effects of different sintering temperature and Nb2O5 content on structural and magnetic properties of Z-type hexaferrites

Nb-doped Z-type hexaferrites (Ba₃(Co_0.4Zn_0.6)₂Fe₂₄O₄₁) with composition of Ba₃(Co_0.4Zn_0.6)₂Fe₂₄O₄₁+x Nb₂O₅ (where x=0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 and 2.0 wt%) were prepared by a solid-state reaction method. The effects of different sintering temperature (T_s) and Nb₂O₅ content on the sintering behaviors, phase composing, microstructure, and magnetic properties of the samples were investigated. The results from X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy show that as the amount of Nb₂O₅ additive increases, the major phase changes to Z-phase, Simultaneously, M-phase and a small amount of niobate phase appear. The Nb₂O₅ additive promotes the grain growth as reaction center at lower sintering temperature (1220 °C), but at higher temperature (1260 °C), niobate phase separated out in grain boundaries as secondary phase will restrain abnormal grain growth, so closed pores in grains are not formed. The Nb₂O₅ additive can enhance densification, improve initial permeability of hexaferrites by increasing the grain growth of hexaferrite and the displacement of ions in the sintering process due to the aberration and activation of crystal lattice, which is accompanied by the solubility of Nb⁵⁺ in the hexaferrites. A relative density of 96%, maximum initial permeability (32–33), minimum coercivity (454–455 A/m) and resonance frequency above 400 MHz were obtained for the sample with 0.8 wt% Nb₂O₅ sintered at 1260 °C for 6 h.     

内燃机燃烧室流场PIV测试中示踪粒子跟随性分析

从紊流理论出发,对处于紊流流场中的示踪粒子进行受力分析,根据粒子图像测速(PIV)中的实际要求与BBO(Basset-Boussinesq-Oseen)方程的不同,建立了紊流流场中示踪粒子的模型;推导出适应内燃机燃烧室流场PIV测试的示踪粒子跟随性计算公式,得出在该买验条件下,示踪粒子直径小于19．2μm时,PIV测试会取得较好结果。     

铝含量对TWIP钢中夹杂物特征及AlN析出行为的影响

采用扫描电镜、X射线能谱仪以及扫描电镜配置的夹杂物自动扫描统计软件(INCAFeature)表征了Fe-Mn-C(-Al)系TWIP钢中夹杂物的成分、形貌和数量,考察了Al质量分数在0.002%~1.590%的四种TWIP钢中夹杂物的特征和Al含量对AlN析出行为的影响.并在此基础上,采用了适合TWIP钢中高锰高铝特点的热力学参数对AlN夹杂物进行了系统的热力学分析.研究表明,在含有相似N质量分数(0.0078%~0.0100%)的TWIP钢中,当钢中Al质量分数升高至0.75%时,AlN夹杂物开始在钢中析出,并在MnS(Se)-Al2O3上局部析出形成MnS(Se)-Al2O3-AlN复合夹杂;当Al质量分数升高至1.07%时,热力学计算表明AlN已经可以在TWIP钢液相中形成,经不断长大后在MnS(Se)夹杂物表面局部析出形成MnS(Se)-AlN复合夹杂物;在Al质量分数为1.59%的TWIP钢中,AlN的平衡析出温度比其液相线温度高出42 ℃,在液相中形成的AlN可以作为异质核心,MnS(Se)夹杂在其表面包裹形成MnS(Se)-AlN复合夹杂物.另外,在Fe-18.21%Mn-0.64%C-1.59%Al体系的TWIP钢中,AlN在液相中析出所需的最低氮的质量分数仅为0.0043%.因此,在TWIP钢的冶炼过程中,应尽可能的降低钢中的氮含量,避免生成过量的AlN夹杂.     

冷热原油顺序输送过程的热力分析

建立冷热原油顺序输送过程的数学模型,将该过程中的水力系统视为准稳态,考察非稳态的热力系统。采用有限差分法求解热力特征方程从而求得管内非稳态的油流温度,用有限元法与有限差分法求解导热方程从而求得管外非稳态温度场。模拟冷热原油顺序输送过程并对模拟结果进行分析。结果表明:对周期性的冷热油顺序输送,其热力表现也呈周期性;一个输送周期中,两种油品相互取代过程的热力表现相反;交替输送冷热原油时,热油头首次到达下站进站口时的温度是该输送方式的安全临界温度,须保证其高于热油的凝点。     

双螺杆冻胶纺丝法制备有机液体吸附功能纤维及其性能研究

在聚合釜中合成了BMA/HEMA二元共聚树脂,利用双螺杆纺丝机、采用冻胶纺丝技术制备了有机液体吸附功能纤维,研究了单体投料比中HEMA质量分数对纤维各种溶胀行为的影响,利用动态热机械分析仪(DMA)对纤维的动态力学性能进行了研究,同时利用环境扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了纤维的表面和断面形貌.结果表明,HEMA引入大分子后,所得纤维对有机液体甲苯、三氯乙烯具有吸附功能,且吸附过程符合sigmoidal模型中的Hill方程;随HEMA质量分数的增加,纤维对甲苯和三氯乙烯的饱和吸附量增大,对甲苯和三氯乙烯的最大吸附量分别可达10g/g和21g/g;随HEMA质量分数的增加,纤维剩余率增加的同时,使纤维对甲苯和三氯乙烯的握持能力增强;HEMA质量分数对纤维动态力学性能有突出影响,特别是链段运动受其影响更为明显;HEMA质量分数对纤维表面和断面形貌均有显著影响,特别是当HEMA质量分数为15wt%时,所得纤维表面出现了许多空洞,其断面存在许多尺寸不均的空洞.     

The Electrochemical Behavior of α‐Ketoglutarate at the Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode in Acidic Aqueous Solution and Its Practical Application in Environmental and Biological Samples

The voltammetric behavior of α‐ketoglutarate (α‐KG) at the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) has been investigated in acetate buffer solution. Under the optimum experimental conditions (pH 4.5, 0.2 M NaAc‐HAc buffer solution), a sensitive reductive wave of α‐KG was obtained by linear scan voltammetry (LSV) and the peak potential was ?1.18 V (vs. SCE), which was an irreversible adsorption wave. The kinetic parameters of the electrode process were α=0.3 and k_s=0.72 1/s. There was a linear relationship between peak current i_{p, α‐KG} and α‐KG concentration in the range of 2×10^?6–8×10^?4 M α‐KG. The detection limit was 8×10^?7 M and the relative standard deviation was 2.0% (C_α‐KG=8×10^?4 M, n=10). Applications of the reductive wave of α‐KG for practical analysis were addressed as follows: (1) It can be used for the quantitative analysis of α‐KG in biological samples and the results agree well with those obtained from the established ultraviolet spectrophotometric method. (2) Utilizing the complexing effect between α‐KG and aluminum, a linear relationship holds between the decrease of peak current of α‐KG Δi_p and the added Al concentration Cequation/tex2gif-inf-5.gif in the range of 5.0×10^?6–2.5×10^?4 M. The detection limit was 2.2×10^?6 M and the relative standard deviation was 3.1% (Cequation/tex2gif-inf-6.gif=4×10^?5 M, n=10). It was successfully applied to the detection of aluminum in water and synthetic biological samples with satisfactory results, which were consistent with those of ICP‐AES. (3) It was also applied to study the effect of Al^III on the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity in the catalytically reaction of α‐KG+NH +NADH?L ‐glutamate+NAD⁺+H₂O by differential pulse polarography (DPP) technique. By monitoring DPP reductive currents of NAD⁺ and α‐KG, an elementary important result was found that Al could greatly affect the activity of GDH. This study could be attributed to intrinsic understanding of the aluminum's toxicity in enzyme reaction processes.     

Phase‐transition characteristics of amphiphilic poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline)/poly(ε‐caprolactone) block copolymers in aqueous solutions

Amphiphilic diblock and triblock copolymers of various block compositions based on hydrophilic poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PEtOz) and hydrophobic poly(ε‐caprolactone) were synthesized. The micelle formation of these block copolymers in aqueous media was confirmed by a fluorescence technique and dynamic light scattering. The critical micelle concentrations ranged from 35.5 to 4.6 mg/L for diblock copolymers and 4.7 to 9.0 mg/L for triblock copolymers, depending on the block composition. The phase‐transition behaviors of the block copolymers in concentrated aqueous solutions were investigated. When the temperature was increased, aqueous solutions of diblock and triblock copolymers exhibited gel–sol transition and precipitation, both of which were thermally reversible. The gel–sol transition‐ and precipitation temperatures were manipulated by adjustment of the block composition. As the hydrophobic portion of block copolymers became higher, a larger gel region was generated. In the presence of sodium chloride, the phase transitions were shifted to a lower temperature level. Sodium thiocyanate displaced the gel region and precipitation temperatures to a higher temperature level. The low molecular weight saccharides, such as glucose and maltose, contributed to the shift of phase‐transition temperatures to a lower temperature level, where glucose was more effective than maltose in lowering the gel–sol transition temperatures. The malonic acid that formed hydrogen bonds with the PEtOz shell of micelles was effective in lowering phase‐transition temperatures to 1.0M, above which concentration the block copolymer solutions formed complex precipitates. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 2400–2408, 2000     

Effect of Water Fraction on Rheological Properties of Waxy Crude Oil Emulsions

This article discusses the effect of water fraction on the rheological properties of waxy crude oil emulsions including gel point, yield stress, viscosity, and thixotropy. The experimental results reveal that the rheological behaviors of the w/o emulsion samples all intensify with the increase of water volume fraction within 60%. Of more significance is that a correlation for w/o emulsions between yield stress and water volume fraction is put forward with an average relative error of 6.75%. In addition, some mainstream viscosity prediction models of w/o emulsions are evaluated, and Elgibaly model is the best-fit for the emulsions in this study.