The application of the measurement uncertainty concept to in-process control in pharmaceutical development

 Any analytical data is used to provide information about a sample. The "possible error" of the measurement can be of extreme importance in order to have complete information. The measurement uncertainty concept is a way to achieve quantitative information about this "possible error" using an estimation procedure. On the basis of the analytical result, the chemist makes a decision on the next step of the development process. If the uncertainty is unknown, the information is not complete; therefore this decision might be impossible. The major problem for the in-process control (IPC) procedure is that not only the repeatability but also the intermediate precision (which expresses the variations within laboratories related to different days, different analysts, different equipment, etc.) has to be good enough to make a decision. Unfortunately, the statistical information achieved from one single analytical run only gives information about the repeatability. This paper shows that the estimation of the measurement uncertainty for IPC is a way to solve the problem and gives the necessary information about the quality of the procedure. An example demonstrates that an estimate of uncertainty based on the standard deviations of an analytical method gives a value similar to one based on the standard deviations obtained from a control chart. Therefore, the estimation is both a very useful and also a very cost-effective tool. Though measurement uncertainty cannot replace validation in general, it is a viable alternative to validation for all methods that will never be used routinely. Received: 24 May 1996 Accepted: 10 August 1996     

玻璃载体表面脱氧核糖核酸的固定及其化学发光检测

用硅烷化偶联剂把ＤＮＡ直接共价固定在载玻片表面，将辣根过氧化物酶标记的探针与之进行核酸杂交，杂交后用增强的化学发光检测。方法的检出限为７５ｐｇ。研究了ＤＮＡ分子固定在玻璃载体表面的各种条件，并建立了在玻璃载体表面进行核酸杂交的体系，为研究光纤ＤＮＡ生物传感器打下了基础。     

STUDY ON 1-HEXENE POLYMERIZATION BASED ON ZIEGLER-NATTA CATALYSTS WITH DOPED SUPPORT

A series of Ti/Mg supported catalysts are prepared by using ball-milled mixtures of MgCl2-ethanol adducts and NaCl as supports, and 1-hexene polymerizations catalyzed by the novel catalysts are studied. It is found that the molecular weight distribution of poly(1-hexene) becomes apparently narrower when catalysts with doped supports are used, indicating that changing the structure of the support is an effective way to regulate the active center distribution of heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalyst.     

Assembled catalyst of palladium and non-cross-linked amphiphilic polymer ligand for the efficient heterogeneous Heck reaction

The efficient heterogeneous Heck reaction was achieved by a new networked and supramolecular catalyst PdAS-V (1b). Employing of PdAS-V in 5.0×10⁻⁵ mol equiv. efficiently progressed the heterogeneous Heck reaction of a series of aryl iodides with acrylates, styrenes and acrylic acid. PdAS-V was successfully recycled five times without any decrease in its activity, and showed good stability in toluene and water, and hence the Heck reaction was efficiently performed in both reaction media. The use of 8.0×10⁻⁷ mol equiv. of PdAS-V resulted in the coupling product in 92% yield with the turnover number (TON) and the turnover frequency (TOF) of PdAS-V reached up to 1,150,000 and 12,000, respectively. The efficient synthesis of resveratrol was achieved via the PdAS-V-promoted Heck reaction.     

1,4-二乙氧基苯的相转移催化合成

采用大孔型交联聚苯乙烯为载体研究制得新型季Lin盐型相转移催化剂Y98B，并将其于1，4－二乙氧基苯的催化合成反应，进行了产品的红外光谱分析和熔点测定，探讨了催化剂用量、对苯二酚与溴乙烷物的质量比、反应温度和反应时间等动力学条件对产品收率的影响。确定了在反应温度为70℃,mol对苯二酚：mol溴乙烷＝1：3．5，反应时间4h，催化剂用量3．0g的条件下产品收率可达84.3%。     

军民融合背景下地方政府支持与民企参军行为的演化博弈研究

民参军是军民融合的重要组成内容,政府支持对于民参军的顺利进行发挥着关键作用。本文通过建立军民融合背景下的地方政府支持与民企参军行为的演化博弈模型,考察了参与者的决策演化过程,分析了参与者的进化稳定策略及影响因素。研究表明,增加地方政府对民企的资金奖励、加大民企参军税收优惠、民企资金收益率的提升,以及积极参军成本的降低,会使民企策略选择向积极参军方向演化,但却使地方政府行为向弱力度支持策略演化;而提升中央政府对地方政府的资金补助,降低地方政府支持民企积极参军的服务成本,不仅促使民企选择积极参军策略,还能促使地方政府选择强力度支持策略。最后,对模型结果进行算例分析,验证了结论的合理性。研究结果可以为当前民参军实践提供一定的理论指导。     

Banach spaces that admit support sets

It is shown that the existence of a closed convex set all of whose points are properly supported in a Banach space is equivalent to the existence of a certain type of uncountable ordered one-sided biorthogonal system. Under the continuum hypothesis, we deduce that this notion is weaker than the existence of an uncountable biorthogonal system.

     

决策支持系统中的超媒体集成技术

目的 研究决策支持系统中的超媒体集成技术,方法 引入动态超媒体的概念,将结点,链接和链接标记扩展为虚拟确定,动态计算和过滤。利用显示子系统和控制子系统的构造超媒体引擎。结果 通过动态计算,超媒体引擎能够使用连接规则生成超媒体表示,并将其动态迭加到决策支持系统中的知识组件中。结论克服了现有超媒体技术的不足,从而用户能够借助超媒体引擎,访问各种动态信息。     

综放开采在小峪3^#煤层应用的可行性研究

采用多因素分析综合评价方法,论证了在小峪３＾＃煤层应用综放开采是可行的,并提出了具体实施方案,对矿井生产及类似条件的煤层开发有指导借鉴意义。     

IDSS的实现技术探讨

探讨智能型决策支持系统(IDSS)的实现技术,以DSS模型语言IFPS/plus为工具建立的“贷款审批决策系统”说明了使用模型语法表达定性数据和符号推理的方法,这种方法把专家系统(ES)的功能直接嵌入DSS,对许多IDSS的构建是有效的。