Effect of Glucose-lowering of Heteropolytungstogermanate β-K_6H[GeW_9V_3O_(40)]·9H_2O

IntroductionThe main abnormality in insulin- dependentdiabetes mellitus is heperglycemia due to thedeficiency of insulin. At present severe diabetescan be controlled only by dialy injections of insulin,so the development of some compounds that servethe function of insulin or as insulin mimetics onoral administration would be very helpful.The finding in 1 985 that vanadate ( + 5oxidation state of vanadium) shows an in vivoinsulin- like effect stimulated the research oninsulin- mimetic vanadium[…     

Determination of Urinary Glucose by a Flow Injection Analysis Amperometric Biosensor and Ion-Exchange Chromatography

A practical biosensor system has been developed for the determination of urinary glucose using a flow-injection analysis (FIA) amperometric detector and ion-exchange chromatography. Glucose oxidase was immobilized onto porous aminopropyl glass beads via glutaraldehyde activation to form an immobilized enzyme column. On the basis of its negative charge at pH 5.5, endogenous urate in urine samples was effectively retained by an upstream anion-exchange resin column. The biosensor system possessed a sensitivity of 160 ±2.4 RU μM^-1 (RU or relative unit is defined as 2.86 μV at the detection output) for glucose with a minimum detection level of 10 μM. When applied for the determination of urinary glucose, the result obtained compared very well with that of the widely accepted hexokinase assay. The immobilized glucose oxidase could be reused for more than 1000 repeated analyses without losing its original activity. The reuse of the acetate anion-exchange column before replacement would be about 25–30 analyses. Acetaminophen and ascorbic acid were also effectively adsorbed by the acetate anion exchanger. The introduction of this type of anion exchanger thus greatly improved the selectivity of the FIA biosensor system and fostered its applicability for the determination of glucose in urine samples.     

Change of water structure by solvents and polymers

Viscosity measurements have been made of water-solvent and water-polymer solutions in a temperature range of 20–60 centigrades. A medium structure temperatureT ₀ was calculated from the Vogel-equation. Water has a structure temperature of 140–150 K, its decrease indicates structure breakage, an increase structure promotion. Pyridine, dioxane, dimethylformamide and urea are structure breakers. This is explained by a shift of the equilibrium — bonded water molecules — nonbonded — to the right. Acetone shows hydrophobic bonding in the same concentration range of 0–10 mole % as the normal alcohols. They are quasifree liquids-structure temperature zero-in the pure state. This is explained by hydrogen bridged dimer formation with the exception of tert-butanol. Its 3 methylgroups sterically prevent dimer formation and cause structuring. Adding urea to methanol-water solutions breaks water structure according to urea concentration but extends the hydrophobic bonding maximum over the whole diagram. Glucose-water solutions have a minimum in the structure temperature diagram. Its left side indicates waterstructure breakage, its right side formation of a new structure forced upon water by the sugar. The equilibrium can be formulated: Waterlike bonded-nonbonded-hetero (solvent)-like bonded, Ribose also shows this minimum but after a short range of heterobondedness the structure is completely broken to nonbondedness.The polymers dextrane and polyvinylpyrrolidone are strong waterstructure breakers. Dextrane much stronger than PVP, it breaks to nonbondedness while PVP maintains a certain structuring, perhaps indicating heterobonding at higher concentrations. Polyacrylamide is a strong structurebreaker. It resembles urea in this sense. Perhaps the solvationwater structure of the NH₂ groups is very different from pure waterstructure. Polyacrylicacid breaks waterstructure completely, if sodiumchloride is added waterstructure is rebuilt again. The only waterstructure promoting polymer is natural gelatine. Perhaps this structure is different from pure water or the watermolecule equilibrium is shifted towards bondedness. The structure temperatures of pure polyethyleneglycoles show a minimum with increasing molecular weight. The high structure temperature of the small chains is explained by long chain assoziates formation through hydrogen bridging. This liquid of long assoziate chains is structured and has a high structure temperature. With increasing molecular weight ringformation instead of linear assoziation becomes possible. These neutral rings form a free liquid. Long chains again have a linear structure and the structure temperature increases at higher molecular weights. Existence of linear chain assoziation of low molecular PEGs is proved with their breakage by adding the chain terminating methanol.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. F. H. Müller.Herrn Chemotechniker D. Ziegler möchte ich für die sorgfältige Durchführung der Messungen sehr danken.Dem Verband der Chemischen Industrie danke ich sehr für die Ermöglichung der Arbeit.     

An overview of the doping control analysis during the Olympic Games of 2004 in Athens, Greece

This study summarizes the results obtained from the doping control analysis during the period of the XXVIII summer Olympic Games (30 July-29 August 2004). The analysis of all doping control samples was performed at the Doping Control Laboratory (DCL)—the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Accredited Laboratory of Athens. Three thousand six hundred and seventeen tests were conducted in total throughout the games. In 23 specimens the presence of a prohibited substance was confirmed. Sixteen of those were related to anabolic agents. The screened results were confirmed with various mass spectrometry analytical techniques, such as gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (ion trap) (LC/MS). The results of the first time applied screening and confirmatory procedures for the detection of recombinant human growth hormone in serum were also presented. Besides, 107 therapeutic use exemptions (TUE) were verified for glucocorticosteroid and beta2-agonist use.     

Analysis of the selenium species distribution in cow blood by size exclusion liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma collision cell mass spectrometry (SEC–ICPccMS)

A method for performing rapid semiquantitative screening of the distribution of Se species in the blood of cows fed with a diet enriched in selenized yeast was optimized. The method was based on direct injection of a blood sample onto a high resolution size exclusion chromatographic column and fractionation of the selenium species. Selenium was detected on-line by ICP-MS with a collision cell. The concentrations of selenized haemoglobin and free selenomethionine were estimated using the chromatogram. The method was applied to a study involving 15 control and 15 treated dairy cows at four different supplementation time points. The increase in the selenomethionine and selenized haemoglobin was a linear function of the total selenium concentration. A threshold value of 600 ng ml(-1) of total Se was established beyond which selenomethionine could not be incorporated into the protein. No inorganic selenium was found to be present. The total selenium in cow blood correlated well with that in milk. The selenium supplementation did not change the protein distribution profiles for other essential elements (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn).     

Continuous cultivation of dilute-acid hydrolysates to ethanol by immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The continuous cultivation of immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066 on dilute-acid hydrolysates of forest residuals was investigated. The yeast cells were immobilized in 2–4% Ca-alginate beads. The 2% beads were not stable. However, the 3 and 4% beads were stable for at least 3 wk when an extra resource of calcium ions was available in the medium. The continuous cultivation of a dilute-acid hydrolysate by the immobilized cells at dilution rates of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.6 h⁻¹ resulted in 86, 83, and 79% sugar consumption, respectively, and an ethanol yield between 0.45 and 0.48 g/g. The hydrolysate was fermentable at a dilution rate of 0.1 h⁻¹ in a free-cell system but washed out at a dilution rate of 0.2 h⁻¹. The continuous cultivation of a more inhibiting hydrolysate was not successful by either free- or immobilized-cell systems even at a low dilution rate of 0.07 h⁻¹. However, when the hydrolysate was overlimed, it was fermentable by the immobilized cells at a dilution rate of 0.2 h⁻¹.     

四君子汤对脾虚证小鼠血象及胃酸分泌的影响

用大黄汤塑造小鼠脾虚模型，观察四君子汤对小鼠血象各指标及胃酸分泌的影响。结果表明，脾虚模型组和空白对照组相比，红细胞、白细胞、血红蛋白、网织红细胞数目均有所降低。低、中、高3种浓度的四君子汤对脾虚的红细胞和血红蛋白均有显的提高作用，对其胃酸的分泌亦具有显的刺激作用，并具有明显的量效依赖关系。     

以萘酚绿B为电子媒介体的葡萄糖生物传感器的研究

首次采用了染料萘酚绿B作为葡萄糖氧化酶电极的电子媒介体制备电流型葡萄糖生物传感器．该传感器具有检测电位低，抗干扰能力强，灵敏度高等特点，其对葡萄糖的线性响应范围为1．5-18μmol／L，检测下限为0．5μmol／L及响应时间小于30s．     

应用响应面法优化武夷菌素发酵培养基

为了提高农用抗生素武夷菌素的效价,应用响应面法对武夷菌素发酵培养基进行了优化.首先应用部分因子设计法对武夷菌素发酵培养基中的淀粉、葡萄糖、玉米粉、豆饼粉、化合物A、化合物B、化合物C、MgSO_4、FeSO_4、NaCl共10种营养成分进行了分析,筛选出葡萄糖和豆饼粉为影响武夷菌素效价的关键因子,然后通过最陡爬坡实验逼进最大响应区域,应用中心组合设计法优化葡萄糖(X_2)和豆饼粉(X_4)的浓度,得到武夷菌素效价(Y)的二次多项式优化拟合模型,其为:Y=6 643.78 687.42 X_2 275.13 X_4-824.69 X_2~2-122.45 X_2X_4-620.94X_4~2由该模型求解可知,当葡萄糖27.2g/L、豆饼粉31.8g/L时武夷菌素效价有最大值。于是按这2种关键因子的用量获得优化的培养基,用菌株S-40(原始效价4443μg/mL)比较试验测定表明,在优化的培养基上武夷菌素的效价可提高到6643μg/mL.     

高糖诱导人脐血间充质干细胞向胰岛样细胞分化

目的:探讨脐血间充质干细胞向胰岛样细胞分化的潜能.方法:分离脐血有核细胞,将其置于MesencultTM培养基中进行培养,并利用贴壁法进行纯化、扩增.扩增后的脐血间充质干细胞用含体积分数5%胎牛血清的H-DMEM持续诱导.采用胰岛素免疫荧光染色对诱导后的细胞进行鉴定,定量检测胰岛素分泌水平及其对葡萄糖刺激的反应性.结果:诱导后,细胞形态发生明显变化,变圆而且聚集成团;细胞的胰岛素免疫荧光染色为阳性;而且细胞能分泌少量胰岛素,并对糖刺激具有反应性.结论:在高糖环境中,脐血间充质干细胞具有向胰岛样细胞分化的潜能.