桉树人工林区水体泛黑机理研究进展

围绕桉树人工林区水体突发性泛黑的形成机理,参考国内外关于缺氧性黑水事件的主要研究成果,重点从桉树人工林区泛黑现象的表征,致黑物质特性及来源,水体突发性泛黑的驱动因素,模拟预测及适应性调控等5个方面,讨论了桉树林区水体泛黑机理的研究进展。研究认为,桉树人工林区的黑水是一种出现在林区洼地、溪流、水库等不同规模水体的颜色如墨的水,其致黑物质主要为桉树茎叶残体浸出液富含黑色溶解性有机碳(DOC)、单宁酸等,单宁酸与金属离子结合形成的黑色络合物,以及当水体缺氧时形成的黑色金属硫化物。气象条件骤变,水文情势突变,沉积物的累积与运移等因素驱动了水体泛黑:对受水温分层结构影响的大中型水库等深水水体而言,致黑物质累积在水体底层,当气温骤降,水温分层结构失稳,水体内部多种化学反应及物质的运移过程发生变化,此时水体变黑。水文情势突变时,以潜流形式进入水库的径流将林区大量DOC、植物残渣、泥沙携带进入水体,导致水体泛黑。沉积物中微生物分解及氮、磷等的释放加重了水体底部缺氧,为致黑物质形成创造了环境。为了更好地预测和调控黑水,建立黑水运移模拟模型及对黑水进行适应性调控也尤为重要。目前现有研究大多集中于小规模水体(如溪流、河道等),而对会发生分层现象的大规模水体(如深水湖库等)的黑水发生机理仍不完全明晰,流域层面上的黑水模拟与预测还需进一步研究,桉树人工林区水库泛黑机理研究是未来重要方向。     

Effect of nonlinear electrodynamics on shadows of slowly rotating black holes

In this study, we investigate the effect of nonlinear electrodynamics on the shadows of charged, slowly rotating black holes with the presence of a cosmological constant. Rather than the null geodesic of the background black hole spacetime, the trajectory of a photon, as a perturbation of the nonlinear electrodynamic field, is governed by an effective metric. The latter can be derived by analyzing the propagation of a discontinuity of the electromagnetic waveform. Subsequently, the image of the black hole and its shadow can be evaluated using the backward ray-tracing technique. We explore the properties of the resultant black hole shadows of two different scenarios of nonlinear electrodynamics, namely, the logarithmic and exponential forms. In particular, the effects of nonlinear electrodynamics on the optical image are investigated, as well as the image's dependence on other metric parameters, such as the black hole spin and charge. The resulting black hole image and shadow display rich features that potentially lead to observational implications.     

Charged AdS black holes with finite electrodynamics in 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity

Using a modified expression for the electric potential in the context of T-duality [Gaete and Nicolini, Phys. Lett. B, 2022], we obtained an exact charged solution within the 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet (4D EGB) theory of gravity in the presence of a cosmological constant. We show that the solution also exists in the regularized 4D EGB theory. Moreover, we point out a correspondence between the black hole solution in the 4D EGB theory and the solution in the non-relativistic Horava–Lifshitz theory. The black hole solution is regular and free from singularity. As a special case, we derive a class of well known solutions in the literature.     

Natural estrogens in dairy products: Determination of free and conjugated forms by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

Natural estrogens are synthesized by mammals in different amounts depending on the developmental stage and pregnancy/lactation period, and they may pass into milk, where they are mostly present as glucuronated and sulfated forms. In modern dairy practices, about 75% of milk is produced from pregnant cows; therefore, the amount of hormones that may pass into milk could be of concern. While estrogen determination in milk has been investigated in depth, the individual determination of estrogens and their conjugated forms in dairy products has not been fully addressed. The aim of this work was to develop and assess a sensitive method, using the peculiar retention properties of graphitized carbon black, to extract natural free estrogens and their major conjugated metabolites, without any enzymatic cleavage, from yogurt, cheese, and butter. The free and conjugated estrogens were eluted in two distinct fractions from the solid‐phase extraction cartridge and analyzed separately by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Recoveries were higher than 80% for all the three sample typologies. The highest matrix effects were observed for butter, which was richest in lipid content, but was below 30%. A survey on some commercial dairy products suggests that production processes decreased estrogen content.     

The effect of alkanolamide loading on properties of carbon black-filled natural rubber (SMR-L), epoxidised natural rubber (ENR), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds

The effect of Alkanolamide (ALK) loading on properties on three different types of carbon black (CB)-filled rubbers (SMR-L, ENR-25, and SBR) was investigated. The ALK loadings were 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 phr. It was found that ALK gave cure enhancement, better filler dispersion and greater rubber–filler interaction. ALK also enhanced modulus, hardness, resilience and tensile strength, especially up to 5.0 phr of loading in SMR-L and SBR compounds, and at 1.0 phr in ENR-25 compound. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) proved that each optimum ALK loading exhibited the greatest matrix tearing line and surface roughness due to better rubber - filler interaction.     

High performance hybrid reinforcement of nitrile rubber using short pineapple leaf fiber and carbon black

Rubber composites with very high moduli at low elongation, high elongation at break and high ultimate breaking strength have been developed. The matrix was acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and the hybrid (fibrous and particulate) reinforcements were short, fine pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) and carbon black. The amount of PALF was fixed at 10 parts (by weight) per hundred of rubber (phr) while that of carbon black was varied from 0 to 30 phr. Uniaxial NBR composites were prepared. Tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus and tear strength of the hybrid composites were characterized in both longitudinal (parallel to the fiber axis) and transverse (perpendicular to the fiber axis) directions. The addition of carbon black causes the slope of the early part of the stress–strain curve to increase and also extends breaking to greater strains. At carbon black contents of 20 phr and above, the stress–strain relation displays an upturn at high elongations, providing greater ultimate strength. Comparison with the usual carbon black filled rubber shows that the composite behavior at low strains is determined by the PALF, and at high strains by the carbon black. This high performance PALF-carbon black reinforced NBR shows great promise for engineering applications.     

Rheology of carbon black suspensions. III. Sol-gel transition system

Linear viscoelastic properties of carbon black (CB) suspensions with various CB volume fractions () in a rosin-modified phenol resin type varnish (Varnish-1) were investigated at various temperatures (T). The CB/Varnish-1 suspensions exhibited a sol-gel transition on an increase in , and the _gel value at the gelation point decreased with increasing T. This T dependence of _gel, being opposite to the dependence seen for usual gelling systems, can be related to a phenol resin type polymeric component included in the Varnish-1. At low T, this polymeric component appeared to be rather well solvated in the Varnish-1 thereby allowing the gelation due to bare attraction between the CB particles at large . In contrast, at high T, the polymeric component appeared to have been less solvated, as evidence from a moderate failure of the time-temperature superposition of pure Varnish-1 and a decrease of its elasticity (in a shifted frequency scale) with increasing T. This less solvated polymeric component would have been adsorbed on the CB particles, thereby allowing the agglomeration of the particles at small _gel at high T.     

聚氨基黑10B修饰电极检测维生素B6

采用电化学聚合的方法将氨基黑10B染料分子修饰到玻碳电极表面,制备了聚氨基黑10B修饰电极,其稳定性和重复性较好。 该修饰电极对维生素B6（VB6）的氧化有明显的电催化作用,VB6的氧化峰电位负移,电流显著增加。 利用微分脉冲伏安和安培检测技术对VB6进行了定量检测,检测限均可达到0.05 μmol/L,与已报道的修饰电极比较,是目前最低的。 将该修饰电极用于不同药物制剂中VB6浓度的测定,操作方便、快速,方法灵敏,准确度高。     

Beyond the Semiclassical Description of Black Hole Evaporation

In the semiclassical treatment, i.e. in a classical black hole geometry, Hawking quanta emerge from trans-Planckian configurations because of scale invariance. There is indeed no scale to stop the blueshift effect encountered in the backward propagation toward the event horizon. On the contrary, when taking into account the gravitational interactions neglected in the semiclassical treatment, a new UV scale could be dynamically engendered and could stop the focusing. To show that this is the case, we use the large-N limit, where N is the number of matter fields. In this limit, the semiclassical treatment is the leading contribution. Nonlinear gravitational effects appear in the next orders and in the first of these, the effects are governed by the two-point correlation function of the energy–momentum tensor evaluated in the vacuum. In this case they can also be obtained by considering light propagation in a stochastic ensemble of metrics whose mean fluctuating properties are determined by this two-point function.