基于含蜡状芽孢杆菌的生物刺激-生物强化联合体系降解石油污染物

为了探讨生物刺激、生物强化及其联合体系对石油污染物的去除能力,选择最佳的修复策略,更好地发挥微生物修复的优势.以一株蜡状芽孢杆菌石油降解菌为例,以有机营养物、无机营养物和混合营养物为底物,进行生物刺激、生物强化试验及联合降解试验.结果显示,不同修复方式在不同时段的降解效果不同,生物刺激方式在第5天时混合营养物降解效果最好,降解率达到40.98%,在10 d不同营养物的降解率存在明显的差距,而在处理20 d后,降解率基本一致,达到80%.生物强化的处理结果中,以混合营养物为底物时,表现出了优异的降解效果,降解率达到90.23%.研究表明:不同时期不同的修复策略有表现出了对原油的不同去除能力,也为实践中选择合理的修复方式提供科学的理论指导.     

海洋石油降解菌不同固定化方法的研究进展

近年来,海洋溢油等事故频发使得海洋石油污染严重,给社会和人类本身带来危害,因此探索海洋石油污染的高效修复方法十分必要。微生物固定化技术修复石油污染土壤和石油污染水体已被广泛研究。简要介绍了微生物固定所使用的吸附、包埋和交联法及其适宜的载体,还有目前在固定化方法、添加营养元素和无机盐离子、载体材料方面对固定化技术的改进,以及海洋环境对微生物的影响,为固定化技术修复海洋环境提供基础。     

A 2-Tyr-1-carboxylate Mononuclear Iron Center Forms the Active Site of a Paracoccus Dimethylformamidase

N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) is an extensively used organic solvent but is also a potent pollutant. Certain bacterial species from genera such as Paracoccus, Pseudomonas, and Alcaligenes have evolved to use DMF as a sole carbon and nitrogen source for growth via degradation by a dimethylformamidase (DMFase). We show that DMFase from Paracoccus sp. strain DMF is a halophilic and thermostable enzyme comprising a multimeric complex of the α₂β₂ or (α₂β₂)₂ type. One of the three domains of the large subunit and the small subunit are hitherto undescribed protein folds of unknown evolutionary origin. The active site consists of a mononuclear iron coordinated by two Tyr side-chain phenolates and one carboxylate from Glu. The Fe³⁺ ion in the active site catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of the amide bond in DMF. Kinetic characterization reveals that the enzyme shows cooperativity between subunits, and mutagenesis and structural data provide clues to the catalytic mechanism.     

新型生物反应墙原位修复石油烃污染地下水

以功能微生物、泥炭和粗砂为填充介质设计新型生物反应墙,研究了反应墙对地下水中石油烃污染物的修复效果与机理。结果表明:运行期内生物反应墙修复效果良好,苯系物、萘系物及菲去除率为83.6%～99.85%,其中71.23%～99.71%在墙体前半部分被去除。泥炭介质和功能微生物能够稳定发挥对污染物的吸附与降解功能,32.63%～77.98%的BTEX和97.14%～99.81%的目标PAHs被泥炭吸附去除;18.96%～50.98%的BTEX和已吸附于泥炭上的大部分石油烃污染物均显示被生物降解。微生物对污染物的降解可有效延长泥炭的吸附寿命,泥炭对功能微生物的营养供给可使反应墙内长期保持较高的功能微生物数量,每克干介质约含有3.46×106～6.16×109个。因此新型生物反应墙原位修复石油烃污染地下水是可行的。     

降解毒死蜱多功能菌株的构建及其对土壤的修复作用

将实验室保存的有机磷降解酶基因mpd连接到自杀性质粒pUT-Km1上,构建重组质粒pUT-M,通过三亲杂交,将mpd整合到越南伯克氏菌B418的染色体上,获得多功能工程菌株。实验证明工程菌株的原有解磷、解钾、固氮活性没有改变;48 h后对溶液中毒死蜱降解率达到65%;对室内模拟污染土壤有一定的降解能力,20 d对土壤中的毒死蜱降解率达91%。     

污染土壤原位生物修复理论模型

本文针对污染土壤原位生物修复技术,建立了土壤中气-液两相流动、污染物扩散与生物降解的理论模型,并进行了计算和分析,讨论了渗透廊的加入对液体饱和度的分布、液膜厚度分布以及污染物浓度分布的影响。结果表明:调节渗透廊内液面高度和渗透廊底面厚度,可以控制土壤中液体饱和度及液膜厚度的分布,且对污染物降解效率具有明显的影响。     

Biofiltration methods for the removal of phenolic residues

Industrial effluents from the pharmaceutical industry often contain high concentrations of phenolic compounds. The presence of “anthropogenic” organic compounds in the environment is a serious problem for human health; therefore, it merits special attention by the competent public agencies. Different methods have been proposed in the last two decades for the treatment of this kind of industrial residues, the most important of which are those utilizing absorption columns, vaporization and extraction, and biotechnological methods. Biofiltration is a method for the removal of contaminants present in liquid or gaseous effluents by the use of aerobic microorganisms, which are immobilized on solid or porous supports. Although several bacteria can utilize aromatic compounds as carbon and energy source, only a few of them are able to make this biodegradation effectively and with satisfactory rate. For this reason, more investigation is needed to ensure an efficient control of process parameters as well as to select the suited reactor configuration. The aim of this work is to provide an overview on the main aspects of biofiltration for the treatment of different industrial effluents, with particular concern to those coming from pharmaceutical industry and laboratories for the production of galenicals.     

Modeling the Enhanced Bioremediation of Organic Contaminants in Pyrite-containing Aquifers

The bioremediation of organic contaminants in the subsurface is strongly influenced by the existing geochemical environment. In this study a coupled reactive transport and geochemical model is developed for the simulation of enhanced bioremediation of organic contamination in the presence of pyrite. The two-dimensional model allows for the simulation of both kinetically defined as well as geochemical equilibrium reactions. The model is applied to a hypothetical pyrite-containing aquifer contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. Oxygen injected into the aquifer to enhance contaminant biodegradation reacts with pyrite resulting in reduced oxygen availability, acidification of the subsurface environment and, subsequently, the inadvertent inhibition of the microbial activity. The reactive transport and geochemical model is used to quantify these processes. The dominance of the various chemical reactions and the sensitivity of the biodegradation on pyrite content are evaluated. Through groundwater pH manipulation, the interference of pyrite with the intended remedial action is partially mitigated. It is shown that when oxygen availability is a limiting factor, the optimal pH that would maximize hydrocarbon degradation may significantly differ from the pH value that maximizes bacterial activity.     

Bioreduction of ionic mercury from wastewater in a fixed-bed bioreactor with activated carbon

Wide industrial use of mercury led to significant mercury pollution of the environment. It requires development of cleanup technologies which would allow treating large volumes of mercury contaminated water in a cost effective and environmentally friendly way. A novel bio-technology, developed from laboratory to industrial scale in Germany at HZI (former GBF), is based on enzymatic reduction of highly toxic Hg(II) to water-insoluble and relatively non-toxic Hg(0) using live mercury resistant bacteria immobilized on a porous carrier material in a fixed-bed bioreactor. Improvement of the original method was based on the use of activated carbon as a carrier for microorganisms and an adsorbent for mercury. Such integration of the process should increase the technology efficiency. In order to compare different carrier materials, activated carbon and pumice stones were used. The strain Pseudomonas putida was immobilized in bioreactors continuously fed with solutions of HgCl₂ enriched with nutrients. Simultaneously, experiments in two more reactors were run in the absence of microorganisms to investigate the influence of nutrients on the adsorption process. In the bioreactor with activated carbon, the outlet mercury concentration was approximately 50 % of that supplied with pumice. It may be concluded that the use of activated carbon in a fixed-bed bioreactor enables improvement of the technology by process integration. Presented at the 34th International Conference of the Slovak Society of Chemical Engineering, Tatranské Matliare, 21–25 May 2007.     

Effects of Cyclodextrins on Dodecane Biodegradation

Bioremediation of non-chlorinated hydrocarbon-polluted soils is mainly affectedby low bioavailability, due to hydrophobicity of these xenobiotics. In fact, severalmicroorganisms can use hydrocarbons as energy and carbon sources, but theirdegradative activity takes place into the aqueous phase of the soil, where just tracesof hydrocarbons are found because of their low water solubility. So, natural attenuationusually occurs in hydrocarbon-polluted soils, but this process is very slow. It has alreadybeen demonstrated that cyclodextrins increase hydrocarbon solubility and bioavailabilityand accelerate their biodegradation. In this work it was investigated if their efficacy onbiodegradation of a model hydrocarbon (dodecane) is affected by the kind (,-, - and hydroxypropyl--cyclodextrin) and the concentrationof cyclodextrin and by environmental factors such as temperature and composition ofthe microbial indigenous population. The results obtained show that all the testedfactors influence the biodegradation kinetics. The best results were obtained with-cyclodextrin at a concentration near to its water solubility limit; moreover,biodegradation rate increases with temperature and different microbial strains showdifferent degradative activity and metabolic behaviour.