Biore mediation: A review of applications and problems to be resolved

Bioremediationisaformofbiotechnologyhavingthecharacteristicsoflowenergyconsumption ,highefficiencyandhighenvironmentalsafety ,whichcandegradeandremoveenvironmentalpollutantsbythephysicalmetabolismofthebacteria ,fungi,higherplantsandcellularfreeenzymes.Inabroadsense ,bioremediationconsistsofthreemaincategories ,namely :themicrobialremediation ,thephytoreme diationandthecellularfreeenzymeremediation .Asachallengingleadingedgetechnology[1] ,bioremedia tionhasmovedintoaflourishingera .Itisanticipa…     

海洋微生物研究的回顾与展望

报道了本课题组近年来基于新理念、新技术在海洋污染环境的微生物修复、海洋赤潮灾害的微生物调控、海洋微生物对海域生物生产力的调控、海洋微生物资源的保护与利用等研究方面的新成果；介绍了微生态制剂在海水养殖中的应用和海洋极端环境微生物研究的新趋势；展示了海洋中的微小生物对地球的巨大贡献．强调进一步开展海洋微生物研究的重要性、必要性、可行性和紧迫性．     

粪产碱杆菌对富营养化景观水体水质改善能力的研究

在室内采用投菌法,利用粪产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes faecalis)对富营养化景观水体进行处理试验研究,通过不同的投菌量0.05‰、0.1‰、0.2‰,对水体进行处理.结果表明,粪产碱杆菌对富营养化水体中的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)均有一定的去除效果,其中在投菌量为0.1‰时处理效果较好.通过进一步的连续投菌净化试验,水体中的TN、TP显著降低,处理后,藻类基本得到控制.由此可见,粪产碱杆菌能够有效地去除水体中的氮、磷,具有净化富营养化水体的作用.     

Rapid Evaluation of the Bioremediation of Fuel Oil in Soil by Gas Chromatography–Laser Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Gas chromatography–laser ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-LI-TOFMS) was applied to the analysis of fuel oil in soil and soil treated by bioremediation. To demonstrate rapid and selective measurement, only filtered samples after extraction of fuel oil from soil were prepared. The required time for preparing three sample solutions from an oil-contaminated soil sample was only ca. 30?min. The degree of the decrease in the fuel oil in a soil sample by vaporization was confirmed by GC-LI-TOFMS, and after 7 days, the five peak areas arising from the constituents in fuel oil were decreased to between 39 and 79% of their original values. Next, the effect of bioremediation was confirmed by the addition of microbes (Rhodococcus sp. and Acinetobacter sp.). As a result, after 7 days, the five peak areas were decreased to between 61 and 81% of the values of the first decreases, after allowing for the effect of vaporization. This method showed sufficient selectivity, robustness, and rapidity for the measurement of oil-contaminated soil treated by bioremediation, which is essential for the evaluation of real environmental remediation.     

铅污染土壤的修复技术

综述了铅对土壤的污染及其修复技术。目前应用于污染土壤的修复技术可分为物理化学修复技术和生物修复技术。物理化学修复技术又可分为隔离包埋技术,固化稳定技术,Pyrometalluryical separation,化学稳定技术,电动修复技术等;生物修复技术可分为微生物修复技术和植物修复技术等。以期进一步推动铅污染土壤的治理和修复工作。     

Metabolite formation and toxicity measurements in evaluating bioremediation of a jet-fuel-contaminated aquifer

The metabolic capabilities of subsurface, jet-fuel-contaminated, aquifer microbial communities were characterized using an ecological approach to biotreatment assessment. A multifaceted experimental design was used that incorporated quantification of metabolite formation and toxicity screening along with the typical microbial activity measurements and pollutant degradation measurements used for assessing biorem ediation potential. Forselect experiments, dissolved oxygen levels and pH in microcosm systems were also monitored. Results suggest that a sizable, metabolically active microbial community exists in both contaminated and uncontaminated areas of the study site. Time course metabolism analyses indicated that the microbial communities were capable of degrading all three test compounds (amino acids, decane, and toluene) without any apparent adaptation period. Measurements of mineralization, cellular uptake, and metabolite formation indicated that metabolite formation was the predominant fate of the target pollutants in the microcosms. The results of toxicity screening time courses indicated that under oxygen-limiting conditions, the potential for the accumulation of toxic, acidic metabolites that could adversely affect the rates and extent of bioremediation existed. The experimental results indicate that the microbial communities at the site possess the metabolic potential for in situ biodegradation of the jet fuel. Care must be taken in the design of an in situ biodegradation treatment system (for this site and perhaps other petroleum-contaminated aquifers) to avoid the development of microaerophilic or oxygen-depleted zones; which could result in possible self-poisoning owing to acidic metabolite accumulation     

微生物的耐酸驯化及其对低pH值地浸铀矿山地下水修复的影响

为增强微生物对低pH值环境的耐受能力,提高微生物在低pH值地浸铀矿山地下水中去除NO－₃及水解植酸钠的能力,对琼氏不动杆菌和伯克霍尔德菌进行了耐酸梯度驯化,并对比研究了驯化前后菌株的耐酸能力。对于去除NO－₃的能力及水解植酸钠的能力,与原始菌株相比,琼氏不动杆菌经过梯度驯化后,在pH值为3.0的地浸铀矿山地下水中,生物量提高了1.5倍,去除NO－₃的能力提高了3.9倍;伯克霍尔德菌的生物量提高了11.8倍,水解植酸钠的能力提高了47.6倍。结果表明,对微生物进行耐酸梯度驯化,可以提高微生物对低pH值地浸铀矿山地下水的耐受能力和修复性能。     

硝基苯污染地表水的生物修复模拟研究

研究了一株硝基苯高效降解菌恶臭假单胞菌在微宇宙模拟系统和卵石接触生物氧化法模拟系统中对硝基苯的降解作用.结果表明,在微宇宙模拟系统中适宜降解的温度为25℃～30℃,pH值为7.0～8.0.在此条件下,8 d内能够将10mg/L的硝基苯完全降解.底泥和光照条件能明显促进硝基苯的降解,硝基苯降解产物亚硝酸根离子在模拟系统中会被其他的生物利用,积累量相对减少.低温下,虽然硝基苯的降解率较低,但降解菌对硝基苯仍保持一定的降解活性.在卵石接触生物氧化法模拟系统中,降解菌菌膜对水中硝基苯的去除产生了非常明显的作用,但易发生菌膜脱落现象.实验结果可为硝基苯微污染地表水和突发性事故造成的污染环境的微生物修复提供基本的理论和实践依据.     

农田土壤重金属污染及其生物修复技术

综述了近年来国内外有关农田土壤重金属污染的来源,土壤-植物系统重金属的累积与迁移,重金属污染对土壤微生物和生化活性的影响以及利用生物技术修复重金属污染等几个方面的研究进展.     

中国柳树遗传育种研究进展

柳树是我国重要的乡土树种,具有数量众多、分布广泛、变异丰富、生长迅速、易于繁殖等特点,可作为园林景观、速生用材、生态防护、生物质能源、生物修复、柳编工艺等多功能树种。柳树具有广泛而重要的生态与经济价值。近年来,我国柳树研究发展迅速,通过常规育种选育了一大批良种和新品种,在遗传学与基因组学方面也取得重大进展,在国际上处于领先地位。笔者从柳树的分类与分布、种质资源收集与保存、重要性状评价、遗传改良、分子遗传学等方面对近60年来我国柳树遗传育种的研究进展进行了系统总结,并分析了目前我国柳树遗传育种工作中存在的问题,展望了今后的重点研究方向,旨在进一步提高我国柳树遗传育种工作的水平,也为其他木本植物的遗传育种研究提供有益参考。