铁细菌A生物修复铅铜污染土壤

为改善生物修复重金属污染土壤的方法,利用铁细菌A代谢作用形成的铁基络合物对Pb~(2+)、Cu~(2+)污染土进行生物修复。采用不同灌浆方式研究修复效果;借助扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶转换红外光谱(FTIR)等方法对铁基络合物的组成和结构进行分析与表征,分析重金属的沉积机理。结果表明:1次生物灌浆后有效态Pb~(2+)、Cu~(2+)含量分别减少64.6%~70.4%和47.6%~49.2%,2次灌浆后分别减少75.1%~85.5%和73.3%~78.9%;微区分析显示,铁基络合物晶形较差,但含有具有优异絮凝效能、较大比表面积的施氏矿物及碱式磷酸铁等物质。铁基络合物通过吸附和共沉作用实现了对污染环境中重金属的固定。     

Review: Biodegradation of tributyltins (organotins) by marine bacteria

Many marine bacterial strains have an inherent capability to degrade toxic organotin compounds, especially tributyltins (TBTs), that enter into the environment in the form of insecticides, fungicides and antifouling paints as a result of anthropogenic and industrial activities. Significant degradation of these compounds in the ambient environment may take several years, and it is necessary to consider methods or strategies that can accelerate the degradation process. There have been few demonstrations of biological degradation of these organotin biocides exclusively in laboratory‐scale experiments. Compared with the few bench‐scale degradation processes, there are no reports of field‐scale processes for TBT bioremediation, in spite of its serious environmental threat to non‐target organisms in the aquatic environment. Implementation of field‐scale biodegradation of TBT requires inputs from biology, hydrology, geology, chemistry and civil engineering. A framework is emerging that can be adapted to develop new processes for bioremediation of toxic environmental wastes. In the case of TBT bioremediation, this framework incorporates screening and identification of natural bacterial strains, determination of optimal conditions for growth of isolates and TBT degradation, establishment of new metabolic pathways involved in TBT degradation, identification, localization and cloning of genes involved in degradation and in TBT resistance, development of suitable microbial strains using genetic manipulation techniques for practical applications and optimization of practical engineering processes for bioremediation of organotin‐contaminated sites. The present review mainly addresses the aspect of TBT biodegradation with special reference to environmental sources of TBT, chemical structure and biological activity, resistant and degrading bacterial strains, possible mechanisms of resistance and degradation and the genetic and biochemical basis of TBT degradation and resistance. It also evaluates the feasibility and potential of natural and genetically modified TBT‐degrading bacterial strains in field‐scale experiments to bioremediate TBT‐contaminated marine sites, and makes recommendations for more intensive and focused research in the area of TBT bioremediation mediated by marine bacterial strains. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

石化污泥优势菌群的高通量分析及16S rRNA基因鉴定

针对石化污泥中的细菌进行了454高通量分析,共得到11 488条序列.发现在相似度97%的水平上,样品的OTU丰度最高;经测序分析,石化污泥中共有细菌235个属,其中短小盒菌属最多,占到整个细菌菌群的28.39%,芽孢杆菌属占14.43%,属种丰度1.5%～10.0%的有9个属(占28.99%).这11个属被确定为优势菌群.通过对污泥优势菌群的分离培养,依据16S r RNA基因鉴定该11属有22个种,并用16S r RNA基因序列比对建立了优势菌株系统发育树.该优势菌群能分解石化污水污泥中的工业污染物,并以此污染物为营养和能源,进行相对旺盛的生命活动,成为对石化污染水体进行生物修复的宝贵菌种资源.     

木霉属真菌在重金属污染土壤生物修复中的应用潜力分析

微生物强化植物修复成为目前重金属污染土壤生物修复安全有效的手段之一,但目前尚待寻找新的耐重金属的多功能真菌用于修复研究。本文分析了微生物强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的原理及木霉与重金属污染修复相关的功能,并初步阐明了木霉属真菌在重金属污染生物修复中的应用潜力,以期为开发新的安全高效的重金属修复剂提供参考。     

Sustainability Evaluation of Immobilized Acid-Adapted Microalgal Technology in Acid Mine Drainage Remediation following Emergy and Carbon Footprint Analysis

Sustainability evaluation of wastewater treatment helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as it emphasizes the development of green technologies and optimum resource use rather than the end-of-pipe treatment. The conventional approaches for treating acid mine drainages (AMDs) are efficient; however, they need enormous amounts of energy, making them less sustainable and causing greater environmental concern. We recently demonstrated the potential of immobilized acid-adapted microalgal technology for AMD remediation. Here, this novel approach has been evaluated following emergy and carbon footprint analysis for its sustainability in AMD treatment. Our results showed that imported energy inputs contributed significantly (>90%) to the overall emergy and were much lower than in passive and active treatment systems. The microalgal treatment required 2–15 times more renewable inputs than the other two treatment systems. Additionally, the emergy indices indicated higher environmental loading ratio and lower per cent renewability, suggesting the need for adequate renewable inputs in the immobilized microalgal system. The emergy yield ratio for biodiesel production from the microalgal biomass after AMD treatment was >1.0, which indicates a better emergy return on total emergy spent. Based on greenhouse gas emissions, carbon footprint analysis (CFA), was performed using default emission factors, in accordance with the IPCC standards and the National Greenhouse Energy Reporting (NGER) program of Australia. Interestingly, CFA of acid-adapted microalgal technology revealed significant greenhouse gas emissions due to usage of various construction materials as per IPCC, while SCOPE 2 emissions from purchased electricity were evident as per NGER. Our findings indicate that the immobilized microalgal technology is highly sustainable in AMD treatment, and its potential could be realized further by including solar energy into the overall treatment system.     

污染地表水修复用微球菌的化学包埋法固定化工艺

针对污染地表水的特点,从辽河油田受石油污染的缓流河床底泥中筛选出一株能有效去除CODCr的微球菌(Micrococcussp.N3-9P),并对其进行了化学包埋法固定化.通过实验,确定了改进的聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠共固定工艺配方(质量分数)聚乙烯醇10.5%,海藻酸钠0.5%,活性碳3%及微量生长素,优化了过程控制参数.地表水修复实验表明,96h后固定化颗粒对污染地表水中CODCr的去除率为70.9%,明显高于游离菌的33.6%.     

化学添加剂在石油污染土壤微生物治理过程中的作用

为了探求采用生物泥浆法,缩短微生物降解石油污染物时间的途径,研究了Ｈ２Ｏ２和阴离子表面活性剂油酸钠对微生物治理效果的影响。研究表明,Ｈ２Ｏ２和阴离子表面活性剂能促进石油污染物的微生物降解过程,提高除油效果。     

Calorimetric Study of the Bioremediation of a Polluted Soil

The calorimetric cells of a Setaram BT 2.15 flux calorimeter have been modified, in order to measure the heat production associated with microbial growth, with a continuous flow of gas and liquid through the sample. Good conditions for the growth of the microorganisms present in a polluted soil were determined and the possibility of the bioremediation examined. It was shown that the biodegradation of hydrocarbons adsorbed for a long time in the soil is a very slow process difficult to study with calorimetry. On the contrary, sodium succinate and different C₁₄ hydrocarbons were easily biodegradated, producing a large quantity of heat.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls degradation capabilities in field lysimeters

The degradation of 4-chlorobiphenyl (4CB) was compared in field lysimeters containing 60 Kg of soil contaminated with 5–10 mg/Kg of polychlorinated biphenyls.Alcaligenes A5, a bacterium carrying a plasmid for 4CB degradation, was inoculated into three lysimeters. When compared to an untreated control, soil samples from water, mineral, and yeast extract treated lysimeters with and without a bacterial inoculum exhibited greater than 10-fold increases in the rate of [1-¹⁴ C-acetate incorporation into lipids and¹⁴CO₂ production from [U-¹⁴C-4-chlorobiphenyl. Gene probe analyses for the 4CB plasmid and most-probable-number enumerations demonstrated the presence of biodegradative populations in lysimeters and the probable survival of the addedAlcaligenes A5.