Study on performance of submerged membrane bioreactor in proteinaceous wastewater treatment

The continuous flowing experiment using a submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) in proteinaceous wastewater treatment was studied. The removal rate of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was over 96.0% and the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was above 98.1%, the average removal rate of the total nitrogen (TN) was 61.7% ,the removal rate of NH3-N was as high as 99% ,but the removal effect of the total phosphorus (TP) was instable. The analysis under the condition of our experiments came to the conclusion that backwashing, waterpower scouting, low-pressure opexation and control of mixed liquor suspended solid (MISS) could lighten the attenuation of filtration flux in SMBR.     

膜生物反应器在废水处理中的研究和应用

膜分离技术与废水生物处理技术的有机结合——膜生物反应器是一种新型高效的污水处理工艺.综述了膜生物反应器的基本运行方式,膜生物反应器在国内外的研究和应用概况以及应用中存在的主要问题.对膜生物反应器在我国未来废水处理领域的应用前景进行了讨论.     

不同曝气强度下MBR污泥混合液可滤性分析

研究了曝气强度对膜-生物反应器（MBRs）污泥混合液的可滤性的影响．2套MBRs采用曝气强度分别为500L/h及100L／h恒流出水模式连续运行60d,应用污泥混合液过滤装置测定污泥混合液的可滤性．结果表明：过高的曝气强度将恶化污泥混合液的可滤性,增加膜污染速率;曝气强度的增加将导致污泥混合液上清液中相对分子质量大于10000的溶解性微生物代谢产物（SMP）浓度增加,此部分大分子有机物浓度的增加恶化了污泥混合液的可滤性;曝气强度大于500L／d也将导致污泥絮体中1～10um细小颗粒和胞外聚合物（EPS）含量的增加．     

四种膜生物反应器工艺处理长江原水的研究

考察了4种膜生物反应器(menbrane bioreactor,MBR)工艺持续运行处理长江原水污染物的去除效果.单独采用MBR工艺(流程1)处理长江原水效果较差,与混凝沉淀单元相结合的组合工艺(流程2)对常规污染物有较好去除率,浊度、UV254和CODMn的去除率分别在95%,38%,32%以上,溶解性正磷酸盐也可以达到45%￣50%的去除率,而且流程2不像流程3和4那样复杂,污染物的去除效果与流程3和4也基本相当,但混凝剂有可能加剧膜污染.此外,同一流程中,悬浮和附着两种生长型MBR的长江原水处理效果无明显不同.     

缩放型导流筒气升式内环流生物反应器气相含率研究

研究了传统圆柱型和三种不同结构缩放型导流筒升式人环流生物反应器的气相含率,用排液体积法和压差法分别测定了总气相含率,下降区气相含率及分离区气相含率,并通过质量衡算求得上升区气相含率,实验结果表明,气相含率通气速率提高而增大,三种不同缩放结构参数导流筒的气相含率较接近,且均高于传统圆柱型导流筒气相含率;对于空气－ＣＭＣ溶液系统,随着介质粘度增加,气相含率下降２％～５％,对于三相系统,随着固含率增加,     

停留时间分布与啤酒废水处理效率的关系

通过对鼓泡塔式（BC）和内循环气升式（AL）生物流化床反应器水力停留时间分布的研究,发现用组合模型可以描述这两种生物反应器的停留时间分布。AL反应器的完全混合区比BC比2．15％,由于AL强化了流体流动,因而比BC减少了流体走短路的比例。用AL和BC分别处理啤酒废水时,AL比BC的处理效率高。实验结果表明,增加内循环可以强化气－流传质并改善停留时间分布,从而明显地提高废水处理的效率。     

生物反应器填埋场中重金属固定和释放规律实验研究

通过实验柱模拟生物反应器填埋场的完全厌氧状态与氧气入侵状态,用以研究填埋场完全厌氧稳定化过程及氧气介入的情况下重金属的固定与释放规律。结果表明:Cd、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn,在厌氧降解完全结束时其滞留率分别达到70.2%、83.9%、90.6%、70%和95.7%。氧气的入侵不会增加Pb和Cd的活性,却促进了Mn、Ni和Zn的释放,但相对于固定总量来说,释放量不大。因此,生活垃圾对于重金属有很大的固定容量,且环境变化的冲击对填埋场重金属固定的影响较小。     

Mitigated membrane fouling in a vertical submerged membrane bioreactor (VSMBR)

In a laboratory-scale study, characteristics of membrane fouling in an A/O (anoxic/oxic) series membrane bioreactor (MBR) and in a vertical submerged membrane bioreactor (VSMBR) treating synthetic wastewater were compared under the same operating conditions. Accordingly, fouling characteristics of a pilot-scale VSMBR treating municipal wastewater were studied under various operating conditions. Various physical, chemical, and biological factors were used to describe membrane resistances. As a result, it was concluded that high concentrations of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), high viscosity and a high sludge volume index (SVI) corresponded to high membrane resistance indicating severe membrane fouling in both the laboratory-scale MBRs and the pilot-scale VSMBR. In addition, high fouling potential was observed in the pilot-scale VSMBR at 60-day sludge retention time (SRT). In this case, as hydraulic retention time (HRT) decreased from 10 to 4 h, EPS concentrations increased and the average particle size increased, leading to reduced settling of the sludge and increased membrane fouling. To mitigate fouling, two different methods using air bubble jets were adopted in the pilot-scale VSMBR. As a result, it was found that air backwashing was more efficient for fouling mitigation than was air scouring.     

Synthesis of linoleic acid hydroperoxide using immobilized lipoxygenase in polyacrylamide gel

Lipoxygenase from soybean has been immobilized in polyacrylamide gel derivatized with glutaraldehyde as a means to facilitate obtaining hydroperoxy derivatives of linoleic acid. We have found that 10% acrylamide, 6% glutaraldehyde, and pH 8.0 are the best conditions for the coupling of enzyme to gel. Although catalytic efficiency is lowered by the coupling process, the stability of the system is maintained at a high level, and lipoxygenase products are not altered by the immobilization process. The use of the system in a reactor revealed that no effect of self-inactivation is produced by long-term reaction, thereby making feasible the use of a lipoxygenase bioreactor for the synthesis of lipoxygenase products.     

Visualisation of polysaccharide fouling on microporous membrane using different characterisation techniques

Although many studies assessed fouling behaviour in microporous membrane processes like membrane bioreactors (MBRs), in situ or direct observation of the fouling layer has not yet been possible. The observation of the fouling layer resulting from the filtration of model solutions allowed better understanding of MBR fouling intensity and mechanisms. In this study, alginate has been used as a model for polysaccharide (one of the main foulants in MBRs). Three visualisation techniques, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), and direct observation (DO) have been tested to observe the alginate fouling. The work presented in this paper revealed the advantages and limitations of each technique used for this specific application. Although no coating is required for this technique, ESEM allowed distinct non-destructive observation of clean membrane. However, the lack of structure in the alginate fouling layer limited the use of this technique for fouled membranes. While CLSM requires the use of expensive fluorescent markers, DO appeared as the most promising technique for direct and in situ observation of MBR fouling. DO of alginate/bentonite and alginate/bacteria solutions revealed the creation of a well-structured dual fouling system (bentonite-concentrated layer of 50 μm embedded and covered by a concentration polarisation of alginate greater than 240 μm) on the surface of hollow fibre membrane.