附增缓冲区的膜-生物反应器临界通量改进测定法

利用改进的通量阶梯式递增法对膜-生物反应器(MBR)中的临界通量进行了测定,同时对不同缓冲时间下的测定值差异进行了研究.结果表明:延长缓冲区的等待时间,可有效降低通量-跨膜压差(Flux-TMP)与通量-膜渗透性(Flux-Permeability)的不对称性,削弱Flux-TMP滞后效应,降低膜面残余污染阻力,提升次临界区内污染可逆性.附增缓冲区的临界通量测定法可更好地表征膜组件过滤性能随通量的变化规律,减缓可逆污染对测定结果产生的影响.     

Mitigated membrane fouling in an SMBR by surface modification

Fouling is a major obstacle in membrane processes applied in membrane bioreactor. To improve the antifouling characteristics of polypropylene hollow fiber microporous membranes (PPHFMMs) in a submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR), the PPHFMMs were surface modified by NH₃, CO₂ plasma treatment, photoinduced graft polymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid. The structural and morphological changes on the membrane surface were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR/ATR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The change of surface wettability was monitored by contact angle measurements. The results of XPS and FT-IR/ATR clearly indicated the successful modification on the membrane surface. The static water contact angle of the modified membrane reduced obviously. The antifouling characteristics of the modified membranes in an SMBR were evaluated. The modified membranes showed better filtration performances in the submerged membrane bioreactor than the unmodified one, and the acrylic acid-grafted membrane presented the best antifouling characteristics. The results demonstrated that (1) the surface carboxyl-containing membranes were better than the surface amido-containing membranes; (2) surface-grafted membranes were better than the plasma-treated membranes.     

Removal of structurally different dyes in submerged membrane fungi reactor—Biosorption/PAC-adsorption,membrane retention and biodegradation

The long-term performance of a submerged membrane fungi reactor was observed while a synthetic textile wastewater containing either or both of the two structurally different azo dyes was continuously fed. Compared to the Acid Orange II dye (simpler structure), higher biosorption but slower biodegradation of the polymeric dye (Poly S119) was observed in sterile batch tests. In the membrane bioreactor (MBR), although a relative abundance of fungi (66%) without any specific control of bacterial contamination could be maintained, unlike in pure fungus culture, enzymatic activity was below detection limit. Nevertheless, >99% removal of Poly S119 was consistently achieved under a dye loading of 0.1 g L⁻¹ d⁻¹ (HRT = 1 d). Comparison of the reactor-supernatant (SQ) and the membrane-permeate (PQ) qualities (31% improvement) revealed the significant contribution of the membrane to the overall removal (biosorption, cake layer filtration, biodegradation) of Poly S119. Contrary to the faster removal of Orange II in batch test, membrane-permeate quality revealed 93% removal of the dye in MBR (corresponding SQ = 82%). However, excellent (>99%) stable removal of Orange II or of both the dyes together, as well as stable enzymatic activity was observed following addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) in the MBR. In accordance with real textile wastewater, dye contributed only 5% of the TOC loading (0.944 g L⁻¹ d⁻¹) in this study. In contrast to low TOC removal by fungi alone, the MBR containing mixed microbial community steadily achieved >98% removal, which improved further to >99% after PAC addition.     

Influence of solid retention time on sludge characteristics and effluent quality in immersed membrane bioreactor

Here the effect of solid retention time （SRT） on the concentration of the mixed liquor suspend solid （MLSS）, the sludge characteristics, the content of extra-cellular polymeric substances （EPS）, the viscosity of mixed liquor and effluent quality in the immersed membrane bioreactor （IMBR） was investigated. The results indicate that the increase of the EPS content is the main reason for the increase of mixed liquor viscosity, the former is positively correlated with the latter （R^2 = 0.9751）. The size distribution profile of particles in the mixed liquor presents double-peak shape at SRT more than 30 days. The filtration resistance of membrane in IMBR is mainly caused by the tiny particles and the viscosity of the mixed liquor. In this study, the extension of SRT can hardly affect the removal efficiency of Chemical Oxygen Demand （COD） and NH4^＋-N, and when SRT is below 30 days, silt density index （SDIIs） is less than 3, the effluent can be deeply treated by using reverse osmosis system （RO） or nano-filtration system （NF）. The method of controlling SRT is put forward by analyzing the relationship between SRT and the minimum generation-time of dominant bacteria （at the maximum specific growth rate under the operation temperature）.     

建筑中水回用工程实例及分析

建筑的中水回用具有较大的经济效益和社会效益.采用A/O法与膜组件相结合的工艺处理小区生活污水,处理水回用于冲厕.该工艺具有处理效果好,占地面积小,能耗低,能够脱氮等优点,可以作为中水站的标准工艺流程.     

白腐菌流化床反应器降解碱木素废水研究

设计了一种适合于白腐菌处理碱木素废水的流化床生物反应器,采用2种运行方式,分批运行3个循环,碱木素脱色率为50%~80%,COD去除率达50%以上,连续运行55 d,碱木素脱色率达60%,COD去除率达84%.     

膜生物反应器中AHL分析技术研究进展

膜生物污染一直是膜生物反应器(membrane bioreactor,MBR)在废水处理工艺中需要解决的一大难题。最近研究表明：基于群体感应的淬灭技术可以作为MBR活性污泥体系中一种有效的膜生物污染防治策略。因而,识别和分析群体感应产生的信号分子是应用群体淬灭技术防治MBR中膜生物污染的关键。本文首先介绍了活性污泥体系中的群体感应机理和N-酰基高丝氨酸内脂(N-acyl homoserine lactone,AHL);其次,归纳近期研究中针对MBR中AHL定性和定量分析方法;最后,对MBR中AHL识别及分析技术应用进行了展望。     

合成气发酵的质量传递限制研究进展

合成气是木质纤维素等生物质部分氧化和高温分解后的混合气化,被生物催化剂厌氧发酵后可以转化为一些有价值的生物燃料.合成气发酵技术最大瓶颈是质量传递限制,其中主要的限制步骤是气液传质.本文对合成气发酵的质量传递限制研究进行综述,重点阐述合成气发酵生物反应器以及添加剂对质量传递的影响.     

Determination of Antioxidant Capacity by Using Xanthine Oxidase Bioreactor Coupled with Flow‐through H2O2 Amperometric Biosensor

A new flow system for antioxidant capacity (AOC) estimation, consisting of a bioreactor, containing immobilized xanthine oxidase (XOD), coupled with a H₂O₂ amperometric biosensor, based on Os‐wired horseradish peroxidase, was developed. The H₂O₂, resulting from the enzymatic reaction between xanthine (XA) and XOD, was amperometrically monitored at ?0.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl_sat, in order to avoid the electrochemical interferences. Two protocols were used to perform the AOC evaluation: “steady‐state”, when the antioxidant (AOX) was injected in the XA flow, and “transient state”, when XA and AOX were simultaneously injected in the carrier flow. The AOC of some commercial beverages were evaluated and compared with those obtained with 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical and Folin–Ciocalteu methods.     

混合抗体的亲和色谱分离策略

乳腺生物反应器可以高效表达重组人单克隆抗体,但是目标产品与乳液原料中的牛抗体性质、结构非常类似,分离难度很大。本文对牛抗体和重组人抗体的种属差异进行了分析,并在此基础上制定了新型分离策略,采取Protein A亲和色谱和免疫亲和色谱来解决混合抗体的分离问题,并讨论了色谱洗脱模式对分离效果的影响。结果表明,Protein A亲和色谱结合梯度洗脱可以有效地纯化得到混合抗体,但是难以彻底分离重组人抗体和牛抗体;相比之下,使用Protein A亲和色谱结合置换色谱模式可以更加高效地分离混合抗体,最终可以得到纯度高达95%以上的重组人抗体,回收率可达95%以上。免疫亲和色谱同样可以有效地分离纯化重组单克隆抗体,且其通用性更强,可以应用于任何动物乳腺表达重组人抗体的分离纯化中。