科技英语中的动物词

在科技英语中，以动物名称来命名技术设备的现象较为普通．通过对科技英语中的动物词进行分类、分析和探讨，以丰富英语学习者的语言知识并提高其学习兴趣．此外，对科技翻译工作者的工作实践也有借鉴作用。     

基于昆虫视觉原理的角速度测量系统

为了解决以往表征法模型中存在的边缘检测同步性问题,参考昆虫视觉中利用相邻小眼信号提取边缘运动的原理,提出了一种角速度测量系统。系统通过对相邻两个探测器的信号进行二值化处理和运算,得到物体不同边缘的运动方向和触发时刻,并通过不同计时器对这些边缘的运动分别计时,能有效地解决物体边缘触发脉冲不同步的问题。在利用硬件电路构建该系统后,实际测量了2种不同角宽度物体的运动角速度,得到系统的角速度测量不确定度为0.55(°)/s。该结果证明在物体绕系统做圆周运动的情况下,系统可以很好地解决同步性问题。     

仿生新材料的应用及展望

 仿生材料的最大特点是可设计性,运用仿生的手段可以将自然界生物材料的结构及功能赋予人工制造的智能化材料。综述了目前仿生新材料在信息通信、建筑行业、生物医疗、节能减排等领域的应用,分析了仿生材料在未来的应用方向,并对仿生材料的前景提出了展望。     

On the Mössbauer studies of harmonically bound quantum oscillators in Brownian motion

In many biological systems like whole cells, membranes or proteins and some of the polymeric systems, dynamics reveals itself in M?ssbauer spectra as a non Lorentzian behaviour above some particular temperature which is characteristic of the system. Moreover mean square displacement and line width show temperature dependence above the characteristic temperature. Brownian motion of harmonically bound oscillator has been able to explain the non-Lorentzian behaviour. In the present paper, a quantum picture of the above model is discussed and lineshape is expressed as the closed form for the extreme overdamping case. In addition to the non-Lorentzian behaviour, the present model also predicts a temperature dependence of mean square displacement and linewidth. Received 16 July 1997 and Received in final form 2 September 1998     

Deterministic group selection model for the evolution of altruism

We study the evolution of an infinite population of asexually reproducing individuals, each of which can be either altruist or non-altruist, subdivided into reproductively isolated groups (demes) of finite size under the action of two opposed selective pressures, namely, differential individual reproduction and differential deme extinction. We derive a recursion equation for the deterministic, discrete time evolution of the frequencies of the different types of demes, classified according to the number of altruistic individuals they have. We give emphasis to the detrimental effects of mutation and migration on the stability of the altruistic demes, which are the only stable demes in the absence of these processes. Furthermore, we draw an analogy between the proposed deterministic group selection model and the quasispecies model for molecular evolution. Received: 22 May 1998 / Accepted: 18 August 1998     

仿生阻尼缓冲结构建模及应用研究

对动物运动肢体的结构、缓冲机理进行了分析,建立起其数学模型。通过对模型参数特性的分析,提出了一种新颖的、应用于工程车辆的仿生阻尼缓冲悬挂机构。分析及试用表明,该悬挂机构可同时提高车辆的平顺性、动力性和作业生产率。     

仿竹型筒式立体停车结构的环箍层布置研究

基于对竹子优越力学性能的分析及其相应结构特点的研究,在考虑到垂直升降型立体车库结构与竹子宏观结构形式及荷载形式的相似性后,提出按等稳等侧移的仿竹原则在这类结构适当高度处设"节",形成带有环箍层的仿竹型筒式钢构架结构,并对仿竹型结构与非仿竹型结构进行静力及稳定性能综合对比分析.结果表明:按此原则布置环箍层的仿竹型结构的抗侧刚度显著提高,层间位移小且均匀,利于升降设备运行;柱内力突变程度相对缓和,结构抗倾覆能力提高;结构整体稳定性由环箍层间等效短柱控制,稳定极限承载能力增强,验证了仿竹型立体停车结构中环箍层布置的合理性.     

八宝景天叶片表面润湿性测试与疏水机理分析

为探寻用于超疏水表面制备的仿生原型,测试了八宝景天(Hylotelephium erythrostictum)叶片表面对水滴的润湿性,采用扫描电镜和三维形貌干涉仪对叶片表面微形貌结构进行观测并提取特征参数,基于Wenzel方程和Cassie-Baxter方程构建模型用以分析叶片表面的疏水机理。结果表明:润湿性随叶片类型的不同而呈现差异,其中新鲜幼叶正、反表面的接触角分别为(147.25±3.79)°和(137.46±4.03)°,新鲜幼叶反面的接触角高达152.54°;叶片表面由排列连续致密且呈椭球形的凸包和交错排列成网状且形貌不规则但可辨别轮廓的蜡质晶体构成,不同类型叶片表面的凸包形貌呈现显著差异但蜡质晶体形貌未有明显区别;幼叶正、反表面的凸包具有相似的高度但分布密度和投影面积显著不同,蜡质晶体层的高度和面积比未有明显差异;微米级凸包和纳米级蜡质晶体的协同作用使叶片表面呈现疏水特性且蜡质晶体发挥关键作用。基于Cassie-Baxter方程构建的模型能够有效揭示叶片表面的疏水机理,并可为超疏水表面的仿生制备提供理论支持。     

基于仿生学的新型脱水管设计及其强化脱水规律

脱水管类型是影响非胶结充填体脱水技术的关键因素之一。基于仿生学设计新型脱水管,以某铁矿尾砂为例,通过脱水试验对比分析新型脱水管的脱水效率和脱水效果,研究强化脱水规律。试验结果表明：脱水管根系状设计可以增加脱水管过水面积和减小渗流距离。新型脱水管相比普通脱水管,脱水时间减少了20%,累计脱水量增加了10.3%;引入尾砂流失量作为评价脱水管脱水效果的依据,新型脱水管相比普通脱水管尾砂流失量减少了45%;新型脱水管强化非胶结充填体脱水的过程可划分为2个区域,即急流区和平稳区。观察到非胶结充填体与试验装置内表面形成了大量分布均匀的孔隙导水带,这也是新型脱水管能提高脱水效率的原因之一。     

Iterative solutions of the Lotka-Volterra equations

Summary Lotka-Volterra equations for two-species predator-prey system are solved by an iteration method. The first iteration step reproduces elliptical trajectories known from the linearization treatment. The second iteration step leads to analytical expressions describing large-amplitude motions and lying beyong the elliptical approximation. The range of validity of the method is discussed. It is shown that deviations from the exact trajectories increase if the initial state is far from the centre of motion. For illustration some trajectories are calculated showing a good agreement with trajectories obtained by numerical methods.