Substituents effect on the properties of sulfonated polyimide copolymers

A series of sulfonated polyimide (SPI) copolymers containing methyl, methoxy, or fluorine groups were synthesized to elucidate the substituents effect on their proton conducting properties as well as thermal, hydrolytic, and oxidative stability for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell applications. SPIs of high molecular weight (M_w > 200 kDa, M_n > 80 kDa) along with the ion exchange capacity (IEC) varying between 1.34 and 1.91 mequiv/g were obtained, which gave tough, ductile, and flexible membranes by solution casting. The thermal properties of the SPIs were dominated by the electronic structure of the sulfonated aromatic rings. The electron‐donating methyl groups lowered the thermal decomposition temperature. The hydrolytic and oxidative stability was roughly in the order of IEC (the higher IEC membranes were less stable). Fluorine groups, either as ? F or ? CF₃, had negative effect on the hydrolytic and oxidative stability. In the water uptake and proton conductivity, hydrophobic components are rather more influential than the substituents. It was found out that the SPI(5, 8, 0.7) containing bis(phenoxy)biphenylene sulfone moieties as a rigid hydrophobic component showed the best balanced properties in terms of the stability and the proton conductivity for its rather low IEC. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4469–4478, 2008     

降低海南铁矿烧结固体燃耗的研究

对海南铁矿烧结燃耗高的原因及降低燃耗的途径进行了研究．试验结果表明：用３０％澳矿代替海南粉矿，燃耗从１０１．８ｋｇ／ｔ降到９０．２５ｋｇ／ｔ；添加０．０３％添加剂，随着料层高度增加，节能效果变得明显，但是当料层高度超过４５０ｍｍ时，生产率降低；焦粉分加，可使焦粉配比由７．０％降到６．２％～６．５％，燃耗由９６．６５ｋｇ／ｔ降到８３．２５ｋｇ／ｔ．     

油膜厚度测量技术的研究——油膜雾化燃烧机理研究之一

本文研究了柴油讥燃烧状态下燃烧室壁面上油膜厚度的测量，解决了传感器制 做、测量信号引出、测量燃油制备、定标装置制做、测量电路设计等一系列技术问 题，成功地测量出了柴油机燃烧状态下燃烧室壁面上的油膜厚度。这对于了解油膜在 燃烧室壁面上的形成。分布及蒸发规律，以便更好地组织油膜雾化燃烧具有很大的实 用价值．     

用于直接甲醇燃料电池系统甲醇浓度控制的软测量

为了提高直接甲醇燃料电池燃料的效率,并使该系统微型化,提出了一种用于控制该系统中循环甲醇浓度的软测量算法。该算法利用甲醇浓度对电化学响应的特性,将电堆的电流、电压以及温度作为对浓度的响应参数,将每片电池作为传感原件,准确测量电池的电流、电压和温度。结果表明,采用该算法从实验结果推测值的甲醇浓度误差小于0.40%。该算法可用于微型燃料电池的开发。     

铂含量对铂炭复合电极电化学参数的影响

以乙炔黑为载体，用化学吸附还原法制备了不同铂含量的铂炭复合电极，采用恒电位法测定出这些铂炭复合电极的阴极过电势η随极化电流密度j的变化关系曲线（阴极极化曲线），在此基础上求出了铂炭复合电极的交换电流密度、塔菲尔常数和对称系数等有关电化学参数。实验结果表明，在一定范围内，随着铂炭复合电极中的含量的增加，其交换电流密度也随之增大。这表明在此范围内，随着电极中铂含量的增加，铂炭复合电极传输氧化还原反应电流的能力逐渐增强。因此，将铂炭复合材料作为离子膜燃料电池电极材料时，铂含量高的铂炭复合电极更有利于电化学反应的进行。实验结果还表明，铂炭复合电极中的铂含量对电极反应过程中的塔菲尔常数和对称系数都有一定的影响，随着复合电极中铂含量的增加，电极反应过程中的塔菲尔常数和对称系数也发生规律性的变化。     

A technique for mycelial development of ectomycorrhizal fungi on agar media

A technique was established to study ectomycorrhizal fungi on agar media. Petri dishes, 60 mm in diameter, containing 10 mL of culture medium covered with a cellophane disk were used for easy collection of the mycelium after growth. For analysis of fungal biomass production, a sterilized cellophane sheet was placed on the medium’s surface. Inoculation was achieved by placing a mycelial block onto the center of the cellophane sheet and then incubating at 25°C in the dark. Colony radial growth was measured and biomass dry wt was determined. Fresh mycelia were homogenized with 10 mL of acetate buffer (pH 5.5) for enzyme analysis. A crude extract was obtained by adding all culture medium to 90 mL of distilled water and homogenizing in a Potter. Reducing sugars, enzyme concentration, and pH were determined. Three fungal strains, Suillus collinitus, Pisosithus arrhizus, and Hebeloma cylindrosporum, were grown in different culture media (potato dextrose agar or Pintro’s medium). Parameters measured over time included glucose concentration, phosphatase activity, biomass, and pH.     

Synthesis and characterization of high molecular weight hexafluoroisopropylidene‐containing polybenzimidazole for high‐temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

A high molecular weight, thermally and chemical stable hexafluoroisopropylidene containing polybenzimidazole (6F‐PBI) was synthesized from 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine (TAB) and 2,2‐bis(4‐carboxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane (6F‐diacid) using polyphosphoric acid (PPA) as both the polycondensation agent and the polymerization solvent. Investigation of polymerization conditions to achieve high molecular weight polymers was explored via stepwise temperature control, monomer concentration in PPA, and final polymerization temperature. The polymer characterization included inherent viscosity (I.V.) measurement and GPC as a determination of polymer molecular weight, thermal and chemical stability assessment via thermo gravimetric analysis and Fenton test, respectively. The resulting high molecular weight polymer showed excellent thermal and chemical stability. Phosphoric acid doped 6F‐PBI membranes were prepared using the PPA process. The physiochemical properties of phosphoric acid doped membranes were characterized by measuring the phosphoric acid doping level, mechanical properties, and proton conductivity. These membranes showed higher phosphoric acid doping levels and higher proton conductivities than the membranes prepared by the conventional membrane fabrication processes. These membranes had sufficient mechanical properties to be easily fabricated into membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) and the prepared MEAs were tested in single cell fuel cells under various conditions, with a focus on the high temperature performance and fuel impurity tolerance. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4064–4073, 2009     

MEA with double-layered catalyst cathode to mitigate methanol crossover in DMFC

Methanol permeation is one of the key problems for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications. It is necessary to change the structure of the cathode of membrane electrode assembly (MEA). Therefore, a novel MEA with double-layered catalyst cathode was prepared in this paper. The double-layered catalyst consists of PtRu black as inner catalyst layer and Pt black as outer catalyst layer. The inner catalyst layer is prepared for oxidation of the methanol permeated from anode. The results indicate that this double-layered catalyst reduced the effects of methanol crossover and assimilated mixed potential losses. The performance of MEA with double-layered catalyst cathode was 52.2 mW cm⁻², which was a remarkable improvement compared with the performance of MEA with traditional cathode. The key factor responsible for the improved performance is the optimization of the electrode structure.     

Multimode-ultrasound and microwave assisted natural ternary deep eutectic solvent sequential pretreatments for corn straw biomass deconstruction under mild conditions

Mild and effective pretreatments are essential to deconstruct lignocellulosic biomass so as to reuse cellulose content for value-added products. In this study, sequential multimode-ultrasound and microwave with natural ternary deep eutectic solvent (NATDES) pretreatments were used to deconstruct corn straw and optimized factors such as NATDES, ultrasonic, and microwave parameters. Results indicated that the ultrasound-NATDES or microwave-NATDES pretreatment could remove 37.86% and 52.36% lignin, respectively. When using sequential multimode-ultrasound and microwave assisted NATDES pretreatment, the delignification efficiency increased to 61.50%, and the cellulose content increased from 34.70% to 76.08%. In addition, the delignification of sequential multimode-ultrasound and microwave assisted NATDES pretreatment (under the mild conditions of microwave heating at 60 °C and 60 min) increased to 57.39%, and the cellulose content increased to 59.98%, too. This highlighted the effect of the combined ultrasound and microwave technology. Finally, the microstructural changes of mercury intrusion porosimeters, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy were conducted to confirm the effectiveness of this method to deconstruct corn straw. A mechanism of the deconstruction of corn straw biomass in NATDES with the assistance of the sequential multimode-ultrasound and microwave heating was proposed. This research could open a window for future use of biomass energy by deconstructing lignocellulosic biomasses using environmentally friendly pretreatment methods.     

PEMFC电堆加速老化测试及性能恢复现象分析

对自制kW级的质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)电堆在车载工况下进行了加速老化测试(ADT).结合极化曲线、交流阻抗谱(EIS)及电压-时间曲线考察了PEMFC的性能变化.通过扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)对试验前后的膜电极进行非现场表征对比分析,解释PEMFC性能衰退的原因.结果表明:603h车载工况加速老化试验后,电堆最大功率下降21.6%,同时电堆在休整之后存在明显的性能恢复现象;常相位角元件值和法拉第阻抗值在电堆休整后减小,说明催化剂活性有所恢复,电堆内部水热环境在冷机启动后达到较理想状态.