基于桔子皮废弃物从含铼废水中高效、高选择地提取钼

以生物质废弃物桔子皮为原料, 直接氨化后得到OW-NH₂生物吸附剂, OW-NH₂对Mo(Ⅵ)的吸附具有很高的选择性, 对其他共存离子Re(Ⅶ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Mn(Ⅶ)、Ca(Ⅱ)和Cu(Ⅱ)基本不吸附, 尤其是对Mo(Ⅵ)、Re(Ⅶ)的分离具有高选择性。红外光谱分析表明阴离子形式的H₃Mo₇O₂₄^3-、H₂Mo₇O₂₄^4-、HMo₇O₂₄^5-、Mo₈O₂₆^4-、Mo₇O₂₄^6- 和MoO₄^2-与引入在纤维素上的RNH₃⁺发生离子缔合反应。OW-NH₂吸附Mo(Ⅵ)的过程符合Langmiur吸附模型, 最大吸附量为1.71 mol·kg^-1。另外, OW-NH₂对工业实际料液的动态模拟实验的结果表明Mo(Ⅵ)回收率可达99%以上。     

Effect of Experimental Variables on the Combustion Characteristics of Water-in-Diesel Emulsion Fuels

Water-in-diesel (W/D) emulsion fuels were prepared through an ultrasonic processor by using high energy emulsification method. Accordingly, the physical and chemical properties were analyzed. A decrease in viscosity was found in the emulsion fuel in contrast to the neat diesel which signifies the enhanced fluidity of the fuel. The emulsion fuel was then used to carry combustion tests in an internal combustion engine. A decrease in exhaust temperature was observed when a high surfactant to water ratio was used, which lead to minimal heat loss. As water is emulsified with diesel, effectiveness of combustion is improved rather than neat diesel fuel. It was also explored that the addition of water-in-diesel is influential in terms of reduction in exhaust gas emission such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia from the internal combustion engine. Therefore, this type of emulsion fuel would be a useful contribution in the fuel economy, but also in making it environmentally friendly since diesel fuel is now considered one of the leading fuels causing ecological contamination.     

Effects of Magnetic Nanofluid Fuel Combustion on the Performance and Emission Characteristics

Although the compression ignition engines are a significant source of power, their detrimental emissions create considerable problems to the environment as well as to humans. The objective of the present experimental investigation is to examine the effects of the magnetic nanofluid fuels on combustion performance characteristics and exhaust emissions. In this regard, the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles dispersed in the diesel fuel with the nanoparticle concentrations of 0.4 and 0.8 vol% were employed for combustion in a single-cylinder, direct-injection diesel engine. After a series of experiments, it was demonstrated that the nanoparticle additives, even at very low concentrations, have considerable influence in diesel engine characteristics. Furthermore, the results indicated that the nanofluid fuel with nanoparticle concentration of 0.4 vol% shows better combustion characteristics in comparison with that of 0.8 vol%. Based on the experimental results, NO _x and SO₂ emissions dramatically reduce, while CO emissions and smoke opacity noticeably increase with increasing the dosing level of nanoparticles.     

Tween-80–n-Butanol–Diesel–Water Microemulsion System—A Class of Alternative Diesel Fuel

Tween-80–n–butanol–diesel–water microemulsion systems with various surfactant:cosurfactant (S:C) ratio have been reported as a class of alternative diesel fuel from their phase behavior, clouding phenomena, conductivity, turbidity, and inflammation studies. Temperature induced clouding of microemulsion containing 2% brine at an S:C ratio of 1:1 from a suitable turbid zone has been examined to see the stability of the diesel–water microemulsion systems. Regression models have been proposed to understand the impact of various components of the microemulsion on their cloud point (CP) values. Conductivity of the microemulsions at various S:C ratio increases with the volume of brine having two cut points depicting the presence of three microheterogenous phases within the system, whereas turbidity shows a linear increase. Dye-probed investigation of water-rich and oil-rich zones of the microemulsions indicates the involvement of a dynamic mass transfer process within the various zones. The intensities of flames produced during burning of the microemulsions with various O:E:W weight percentages selected from the isotropic regions of the phase diagrams have been estimated using MATLAB image processing method and the impacts of various components on the fuel use of the microemulsions have been analyzed.     

碳纤维基PtPb阳极催化剂的制备及其电催化性能

以静电纺丝技术与烧结工艺相结合的方式制备了碳纤维基PtPb纳米催化剂,并采用X射线衍射（XRD）、红外光谱（FT-IR）、扫描电镜（SEM）等分析测试手段对其进行了表征。结果表明,在预氧化温度为300 ℃、碳化温度为800 ℃的条件下,所制备的PtPb阳极纳米催化剂结晶程度好、比表面积大,粒径约为3.05 nm,催化活性颗粒均匀分散在多孔碳纤维骨架上。采用循环伏安法（CV）及交流阻抗（EIS）评价了该催化剂对乙醇氧化反应的电催化性能。结果表明,最大峰电流密度达到125 mA/cm²,电荷转移电阻相较于700 ℃下降了近60%。     

玉米芯生物质灰的物理化学特性

采用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、粒度分析等实验方法研究了不同灰化温度(600℃和815℃)下制得的玉米芯灰的理化特性.利用马弗炉灼烧实验考察了灰化温度和保温时间对灰分量的影响,并通过扫描电镜-能谱联用技术对生物质气化站现场采集的玉米芯灰的灰成分和灰形态进行了分析.研究发现,灰化温度对灰粒度、灰分量、灰成分、灰形态和物相变化均有明显影响,但对积灰结渣特性影响不明显;灰的主要组成元素为钾和氯,玉米芯热解气化排放钾的主要形式是氯化钾;灰表面的形态各异,600℃灰化时形成絮状的大颗粒,815℃时灰表面发生软化熔融,絮状物减少.该研究可为生物质燃料经热化学转化后的燃气净化及生物质灰的综合利用提供指导.     

光生物反应器和跑道式循环生物反应器对荒漠藻类生物量和多糖产量的影响

采用光生物反应器和跑道式循环生物反应器对荒漠藻类进行规模化培养,对比研究了两种规模化培养系统对荒漠藻类生物量和多糖产量的影响,探讨了温度、酸碱度、生长周期以及氮、磷含量对荒漠藻类生长和多糖积累的作用.结果表明,在光生物反应器和跑道式循环生物反应器两种培养系统中,藻类的生长呈现出不同的变化趋势,而藻多糖含量则呈现相同的波动性变化趋势,并且藻类生物量和多糖分泌受培养条件的影响并不同步.此外,在两种规模化培养模式中,温度、酸碱度、营养盐以及生长周期等都对荒漠藻类的生长和多糖产量产生重要影响.     

A Chemically Fuelled Molecular Automaton Displaying Programmed Migration of Zn2+ Between Alternative Binding Sites

A molecular system comprising a cationic zinc complex and an amino acid-derived ambident ligand having phosphate and carboxylate binding sites undergoes a series of rearrangements in which the metal cation migrates autonomously from one site to another. The location of the metal is identified by the circular dichroism spectrum of a ligated bis(2-quinolylmethyl)-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (BQPA) chromophore, which takes a characteristic shape at each binding site. Migration is fuelled by the decomposition of trichloroacetic acid to CO₂ and CHCl₃, which progressively neutralises the acidity of the system as a function of time, revealing in sequence binding sites of increasing basicity. The migration rate responds to control by variation of the temperature, water content and triethylamine concentration, while an excess of fuel controls the duration of an induction period before the migration event.     

Atom-economic Approach to the Synthesis of α-(Hetero)aryl-substituted Furan Derivatives from Biomass

An atom-economic ring construction approach to the synthesis of α-(hetero)arylfurans based on renewable furanic platform chemicals has been developed. Corresponding compounds have been prepared in good to excellent yields via [2+2+2] and [4+2] cycloaddition reactions using metal-catalyzed or photoredox protocols. Easily available HMF-based 2-hydroxymethyl-5-ethynylfuran and 2-hydroxymethyl-5-cyanofuran were used as starting materials. A synthetic route with an improved carbon economy factor has been implemented to achieve sustainability aim. The possible application of arylfurans as molecular conductors has been investigated by DFT calculations, which revealed excellent charge transfer properties. As a future perspective, integration of biomass processing strategy into manufacturing of molecular electronics was pointed out to achieve the aim of sustainability.     

Understanding the Effect of Solvent Environment on the Interaction of Hydronium Ion with Biomass Derived Species: A Molecular Dynamics and Metadynamics Investigation

The addition of aprotic solvents results in higher reactivities and selectivities in many key aqueous phase biomass reactions, including the acid-catalyzed conversion of fructose to 5-hydroxyl methyl furfural (HMF). The addition of certain co-solvents inhibits the formation of humins via preferential solvation of key functional groups and can alter reaction kinetics. An important factor in this context is the relative stability of the hydronium ion (the catalyst) in the vicinity of the biomass moiety as compared to that in bulk, as it could determine its efficacy in the protonation step. Hence, in the present work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of HMF (the model product) and fructose (the model reactant) in acidic water and water-DMSO mixtures are performed to analyze their interaction with the hydronium ions. We show that the presence of DMSO favors the interaction of the hydronium ion with fructose, whereas it has a detrimental effect on the interaction of hydronium ion with HMF. Well-tempered metadynamics (WT-MTD) simulations are performed to determine the relative stability of the hydronium ion in the immediate vicinity of fructose and HMF, as compared to that in the bulk solvent phase, as a function of solvent composition. We find that DMSO improves the stabilization of the hydronium ions in the first solvation shell of fructose compared to that in the bulk solvent. On the other hand, hydronium ions become less stable in the immediate vicinity of HMF, as the concentration of DMSO increases.