生物膜增长动力学模型

生物膜是由降解底物的活性物质与非活性物质所组成.基于这种观点，提出了系统描述生物膜中活性生物量（Ma）与非活性物质量（Mi）增长的生物数学模型体系.从理论上阐明了活性生物量与非活性物质量间动态的相互作用，并论证了生物膜反应器在运行中存在最大活性生物量（Ma）max，且在反应器达到最大活性生物量（Ma）max以后，非活性物质量的积累导致生物膜的继续增长，但不能改善生物膜反应器的出水物质.     

ACTA MECHANICA SINICA 2014 ANNUAL SUBJECT INDEX

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Progress of marine biofouling and antifouling technologies

Adhesion of marine fouling organisms on artificial surfaces such as ship hulls causes many problems, including extra energy consumption, high maintenance costs, and increased corrosion. Therefore, marine antifouling is an important issue. In this review, physical and biochemical developments in the field of marine biofouling, which involves biofilm formation and macro-organism settlement, are discussed. The major antifouling technologies based on traditional chemical methods, biological methods, and physical methods are presented. The chemical methods include self-polishing types such as tributyltin (TBT) self-polishing co- polymer coatings, which despite its good performance has been banned since 2008 because of its serious environmental impact. Therefore, other methods have been encouraged. These include coatings with copper compounds and biocide boosters to replace the TBT coatings. Biological extracts of secreted metabolites and enzymes are anticipated to act as antifoulants. Physical methods such as modification of surface topography, hydrophobic properties, and charge potential have also been considered to prevent biofouling. In this review, most of the current antifouling technologies are discussed. It is proposed that the physical antifouling technologies will be the ultimate antifouling solution, because of their broad-spectrum effectiveness and zero toxicity.     

一种新型生物膜反应器处理污水的研究

研究一种新型生物膜反应器-水力旋转生物膜反应器对生活污水的处理，研究表明最佳水力停留时间为4hr，本装置脱氮效果较好，停留时间为8hr时TN去除率达62．5％，氮的去除通过同步硝化反硝化反应．BOD面积负荷设置为5-7g／(m^2．d)较合适。     

生物电极膜内脱氮速率模型

通过研究生物电极脱氮过程中膜内物质运动和反应机理,建立了能够表现生物膜内脱氮反应过程的动力学模型.在本模型中,氢气和醋酸同时作为电子供体参与反应,在生物膜内反硝化细菌的作用下,硝酸氮被还原为氮气从而彻底将其去除.模型综合考虑了膜内物质迁移、扩散等对脱氮过程的影响,得到了氢气和醋酸同时作为电子供体参与反应时去除硝酸氮的动力学方程.在模型建立过程中,假定生物膜厚度和反硝化菌脱氮活性不受生物浓度、时间和电极位置影响,并且认为生物膜内各反应物质的有效扩散系数约为其在水中分子扩散系数的80%.采用Runge-Kutta法和Shaoting Mathal法对模型进行求解,模型计算结果和实验结果较吻合.     

Population dynamics and spatial distribution of microbial species in multispecies biofilms under the action of direct electric current

The metabolism, population dynamics and spatial distribution of nitrifying bacteria and heterotrophs in biofilms under the action of direct electric current were investigated by using the micro-slicing technique. The nitrification rate of nitrifying bacteria was severely inhibited by a current over 10 Am^-2 at lower C/N ratios. Compared to heterotrophs, the nitrifying bacteria in the surface biofilms were severely inhibited, resulting in a significant decrease in bacterial density. An increase in current density narrowed the less current-sensitive inner biofilm region, and in addition the density of NO2-oxidizers decreased more significantly than that of NH4-oxidizers in the surface biofilms probably due to electrochemical reactions at the anode. However, the effect of current on both the population dynamics and the spatial distribution of the microbial species was less significant at larger C/N ratios.     

模拟生物膜方法研究钢在海水中的腐蚀行为

近年来,微生物腐蚀受到广泛重视。本文根据生物膜的结构特征,以含羧酸官能团的β－Ｄ甘露糖醛酸单元等构成的天然高分子多糖凝胶沉积于电极表面,形成模拟生物膜,初步建立起模拟生物膜环境的实验方法,并探讨了模拟海水ＮａＣｌ溶液中生物膜对１０ＣｒＭｏＡｌ、Ｅ２低合金钢和１８－８不锈钢腐蚀行为的影响。采用极化曲线法、电偶电流测试及交流阴抗谱等电化学方法研究了上述材料在模拟生物膜环境中的腐蚀电化学行为,得到了一些     

生物膜法除铁除锰研究

对传统的地下水除铁除锰技术进行了比较分析．把生物膜法应用于呼兰河水的除铁除锰．利用臭氧分解产生的氧作为氧源，改变了传统的曝气式供氧方式．与单独供氧方式比较，具有能耗低、工艺简单、控制方便等优点，是臭氧-生物膜相结合除铁除锰的一次成功尝试．结果表明该法能有效地去除呼兰河水中的铁、锰，三级出水达到了饮用水的标准．     

抗菌含银HA膜的研制

在自然界和很多水生环境中,细菌可以附着在一些不活动的表面并形成菌落和包围菌落的生物膜.反过来这层膜的形成又更容易吸附细菌,尤其是在医用植入设备中,这层膜对人体有毒害作用,并且由于这层膜的保护,抗生素和人体的防御系统都不起作用.含银HA镀膜材料很好地解决了这一问题,并对抗菌医用植入材料引起的感染提供了乐观的前景.对在Ti6AL4V表面镀含银羟基磷灰石(HA)膜形成的抗菌界面加以研究.     

Biological Activity of Triazolopyrimidine Copper(II) Complexes Modulated by an Auxiliary N-N-Chelating Heterocycle Ligands

Novel complexes of type [Cu(N-N)(dmtp)₂(OH₂)](ClO₄)₂·dmtp ((1) N-N: 2,2′-bipyridine; (2) L: 1,10-phenantroline and dmtp: 5,7-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine) were designed in order to obtain biologically active compounds. Complexes were characterized as mononuclear species that crystallized in the space group P-1 of the triclinic system with a square pyramidal geometry around the copper (II). In addition to the antiproliferative effect on murine melanoma B16 cells, complex (1) exhibited low toxicity on normal BJ cells and did not affect membrane integrity. Complex (2) proved to be a more potent antimicrobial in comparison with (1), but both compounds were more active in comparison with dmtp—both against planktonic cells and biofilms. A stronger antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect was noticed against the Gram-positive strains, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Both electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae studies indicated that the complexes were scavengers rather than reactive oxygen species promoters. Their DNA intercalating capacity was evidenced by modifications in both absorption and fluorescence spectra. Furthermore, both complexes exhibited nuclease-like activity, which increased in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.