Reverse osmosis membrane biofouling

The development of biofouling and its effects on membrane processes are reviewed, emphasizing the microbial attack on the membrane material and its costs. Detection and monitoring techniques are compared, and different types of countermeasures are described. Discussion is also focused on the use of biocides and the cleaning strategies to be followed in practical cases.     

Network Model of Flow,Transport and Biofilm Effects in Porous Media

In this paper, we develop a network model to determine porosity and permeability changes in a porous medium as a result of changes in the amount of biomass. The biomass is in the form of biofilms. Biofilms form when certain types of bacteria reproduce, bond to surfaces, and produce extracellular polymer (EPS) filaments that link together the bacteria. The pore spaces are modeled as a system of interconnected pipes in two and three dimensions. The radii of the pipes are given by a lognormal probability distribution. Volumetric flow rates through each of the pipes, and through the medium, are determined by solving a linear system of equations, with a symmetric and positive definite matrix. Transport through the medium is modeled by upwind, explicit finite difference approximations in the individual pipes. Methods for handling the boundary conditions between pipes and for visualizing the results of numerical simulations are developed. Increases in biomass, as a result of transport and reaction, decrease the pipe radii, which decreases the permeability of the medium. Relationships between biomass accumulation and permeability and porosity reduction are presented.     

交替好氧缺氧生态陶粒混凝土生物膜反应器脱氮性能分析

以粉煤灰陶粒为粗集料,研制出新型生态陶粒混凝土填料,采用间歇曝气方式,构建了交替好氧缺氧生态陶粒混凝土生物膜反应器（Ecological Ceramsite Concrete Biofilm Reactors,简称ECCBR）.以实际城市污水为进水,在水温为25 ～ 30℃、进水pH为7.0～7.5、DO浓度为2.5～3.0 mg· L-1、进水COD浓度为106～ 205 mg·L-1、进水氨氮浓度为12.4～22.9 mg·L-1、进水总氮浓度为19.5～30.6 mg·L-1的条件下,对反应器处理城市污水脱氮性能进行了评价.结果表明,试验条件下COD、氨氮和总氮去除率分别为78.6％ ～91.8％、83.4％ ～93.6％和63.4％ ～ 73.8％,污染物去除主要集中在反应器的前中部;SOUR、生物膜干质量和生物膜厚度呈现沿廊道递减的规律,平均每块填料下降比率分别为0.81％、1.3％和1.05％,单位质量填料的微生物活性则沿廊道上升,末端较前端增加了51.5％,表明反应器具备良好的抗冲击负荷能力.     

Antimicrobial flavonoids isolated from Indian medicinal plant Scutellaria oblonga inhibit biofilms formed by common food pathogens

Scutellaria oblonga Benth., a hitherto phytochemically unexplored Indian medicinal folklore plant was extracted with acetone and subjected to chromatography to yield nine flavonoids, for the first time from this plant. Antimicrobial assays were performed against 11 foodborne pathogens, and three molecules (Techtochrysin, Negletein and Quercitin-3-glucoside) depicted significant activity. These molecules were assessed for their rate of antibacterial action using time–kill curves which depicted complete inhibition of most of the bacteria within 12–16 h. The significant biofilm-reducing capability exhibited by these three molecules formed a significant finding of the current study. In most of the experiments, a 90–95% reduction in biofilms was observed. Thus, flavonoids as natural molecules from S. oblonga could be further researched to be used as potent antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents.     

不锈钢表面生物膜电化学性质与稳定性

以天然水体为挂膜介质,在304号不锈钢表面培养生物膜.以多糖、脂磷为生物量表征参数,研究开路电位和不锈钢表面生物膜生物量的相关性,并使用扫描电镜表征生物膜形貌.此外,利用紫外线处理生物膜样品.结果表明,在一定开路电位范围内,不锈钢表面生物膜生物量与开路电位具有很好的拟合关系,开路电位可以作为生物量的检测手段.不锈钢表面生物膜具有一定的抗剥离能力,一旦形成将难以剥离.     

生物膜法在医药废水处理中的应用

以实际生产废水为例,采用生物膜法进行处理。结果表明,该工艺处理方法污泥产生量较少,处理效率高,BOD5,CODcr的去除率达到合格标准,出水可满足生活用水标准,符合回用要求。     

Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism of Oxidized Bacterial Nanocellulose with Different Carboxyl Content

Oxidized bacterial nanocellulose (OBC) is reported to prevent microbial growth, but its antibacterial characteristics and mechanism are still unclear. Here, the antibacterial mechanism of OBC is explored by detecting and assessing the interaction of OBC with different carboxyl content on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results show that OBC has strong antibacterial activity and antibiofilm activity against S. aureus and E. coli, which is positively correlated with the carboxyl content of OBC. After OBC treatment, the bacteria adhesion is inhibited and the cell membrane is destroyed leading to increased permeability. Further investigation reveals that the concentration of cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) that induced biofilm formation is significantly decreased to 1.81 pmol mg⁻¹ after OBC treatment. In addition, OBC inactivates mature biofilms, with inactivation rates up to 79.3%. This study suggests that OBC has excellent antibacterial and antiadhesion properties, which can increase the cell membrane permeability and inhibit c-di-GMP formation. In addition, OBC also has a strong inactivation effect on mature biofilm, which can be used as an effective antibiofilm agent.     

Acute Toxicity Assay Based on Electrochemical Method for Detection of Antibiotic Residues in Water

In this work, the bacteria suspended in solution or immobilized in the biofilm were employed to study whether bacterial electrochemistry can reflect the impacts of the antibiotic residues in water on microorganisms. In the sensing system with immobilized bacteria, the tested antibiotics of 10∼40 mg/L showed an opportunity to inhibit respiration over a short time and the combined effect of these antibiotics exhibited a complex dose-dependence. The resistance was induced for the immobilized bacteria in the repeated measurement over a long-term period, which was fortunately solved by refreshing the biofilm via a nutrient supplementation. In the solution system, bacterial respirations were promoted by the tested antibiotics even at concentrations up to 160 mg/L, but β-glucosidase activity was inhibited by only 0.05 mg/L antibiotic. Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ were further inducted in the suspended system, and the combination of metals and antibiotics showed an obvious antagonistic effect. Real water detection indicated that the bacterial electrochemical method was expected to warn the water qualities with a sudden change by an appropriate testing condition.     

无抗生素纳米抗菌剂:现状、挑战与展望

耐药性细菌和生物膜相关的感染性疾病严重威胁全球公众健康。随着纳米技术在抗菌领域的渗透和发展,研发基于无抗生素的新型纳米抗菌剂在避免耐药性产生以及抗菌治疗方式的选择方面提供更多可能性。本文从细菌耐药性的产生机制出发,阐述利用纳米材料自身独特的理化性质,实现自体抗菌;作为纳米酶,利用类酶活性催化底物产生活性氧簇(ROS)等抗菌;随后讨论了构建随内源性/外源性环境刺激响应,以及协同多种新型治疗方式的智能纳米抗菌剂,实现高效抗菌。最后,提出了目前面临的挑战及临床应用前景,为开发更加安全、高效的纳米抗菌剂提供借鉴。     

折流式内循环新型生物膜反应器的脱氮动力学

为了探求城市地表水新型的处理工艺及效果,以一种新型的陶瓷载体水泵驱动折流式内循环生物膜反应器处理由自来水、葡萄糖、氯化铵、磷酸二氢钾按一定比例配制成的溶液,以模拟城市地表水.在碳氮比（C/N）分别为10,20,30和40情况下,对其进行脱氮试验,并进行动力学分析.研究发现：该反应器可实现同步硝化和反硝化;氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）和总氮（TN）的去除过程都可以用Monod模型进行描述;当C/N为10~40范围,水温为28℃左右时,随着C/N比的增加,反应器对NH₄⁺-N和TN的去除速率都得到提高;在相同C/N条件下,NH₄⁺-N的去除速率远高于TN的去除速率.