Facile Synthesis of Nitrogen Self-Doped Porous Carbon Derived from Cicada Shell via KOH Activation for Simultaneous Detection and Removal of Cu2+

Sensitive detection and efficient removal of heavy metal ions with high toxicity and mobility are of great importance for environmental monitoring and control. Although several kinds of functional materials have been reported for this purpose, their preparation processes are complicated. Herein, nitrogen self-doped activated porous biochar (NAC) was synthesized in a facile process via an activation–carbonization strategy from cicada shell rich in chitin, and subsequently employed as an effective functional material for the simultaneous determination and removal of Cu²⁺ from aqueous media. With its unique porous structure and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups, along with the presence of heteroatoms, NAC exhibits high sensitivity for the electrochemical sensing of Cu²⁺ in concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 1000 μg·L⁻¹, with a low detection limit of 0.3 ng·L⁻¹. Additionally, NAC presents an excellent removal efficiency of over 78%. The maximum adsorption capacity is estimated at 110.4 mg/g. These excellent performances demonstrate that NAC could serve as an efficient platform for the detection and removal of Cu²⁺ in real environmental areas.     

生物炭对土壤微生物特性影响的研究进展

生物炭是在低氧条件下生物质经过热裂解得到的含碳丰富的产品,可提高土壤酸碱度,具有保水保肥及改善土壤微生物特性等功能。综述了生物炭对土壤微生物生物量、微生物群落结构及土壤酶活性的影响,多数研究表明:生物炭的碱性性质及多孔性质提供了适宜微生物生长的微环境,从而增加了土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮等的含量; 生物炭含有的营养物质及多孔性质,促进了土壤中细菌及某些功能菌的生长,但同时生物炭中含有的重金属及多环芳烃等有毒物质对细菌生长存在抑制作用; 相比于土壤细菌,生物炭碳氮比(C/N)高、含大量难降解碳化合物,则有利于土壤真菌生长,并且生物炭具有的较大孔隙度,为真菌菌丝提供了附着位点; 生物炭对微生物的促进作用间接提高了土壤中脱氢酶、脲酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶等土壤酶活性。因此,未来应进一步探索生物炭与土壤微生物之间的相互作用机理,深入了解生物炭的土壤改良作用,深化对土壤微生物多样性的认识。     

Biochar of Spent Coffee Grounds as Per Se and Impregnated with TiO2: Promising Waste-Derived Adsorbents for Balofloxacin

Biochars (BC) of spent coffee grounds, both pristine (SCBC) and impregnated with titanium oxide (TiO₂@SCBC) were exploited as environmentally friendly and economical sorbents for the fluroquinolone antibiotic balofloxacin (BALX). Surface morphology, functional moieties, and thermal stabilities of both adsorbents were scrutinized using SEM, EDS, TEM, BET, FTIR, Raman, and TG/dT analyses. BET analysis indicated that the impregnation with TiO₂ has increased the surface area (50.54 m²/g) and decreased the pore size and volume. Batch adsorption experiments were completed in lights of the experimental set-up of Plackett-Burman design (PBD). Two responses were maximized; the % removal (%R) and the adsorption capacity (q_e, mg/g) as a function of four variables: pH, adsorbent dosage (AD), BALX concentration ([BALX]), and contact time (CT). %R of 68.34% and 91.78% were accomplished using the pristine and TiO₂@SCBC, respectively. Equilibrium isotherms indicated that Freundlich model was of a perfect fit for adsorption of BALX onto both adsorbents. Maximum adsorption capacity (q_max) of 142.55 mg/g for SCBC and 196.73 mg/g for the TiO₂@SCBC. Kinetics of the adsorption process were best demonstrated using the pseudo-second order (PSO) model. The adsorption-desorption studies showed that both adsorbents could be restored with the adsorption efficiency being conserved up to 66.32% after the fifth cycles.     

Thermal Analysis of Casein

Case in was analyzed during thermal treatment and pyrolysis. The thermal degradation process of casein was interpreted and thermostability indices, rate, order and activation energy of thermode-structive reaction of casein were determined on the basis of thermogravimetric analysis. The thermodestruction of casein has the characteristics of a first order reaction with activation energy E _a=3.87 kcal mol^–1 (16.2 kJ mol^–1).The pyrolysis of casein was investigated and we determined optimal heating temperature — 550°C and yields of biochar, pitch, pyrolysis water and gases.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

生物炭对镉污染土壤中紫花地丁的生长及生理生态的影响

该文选用玉米秸秆生物炭,通过盆栽模拟在镉污染土壤中施加生物炭并栽培紫花地丁(Viola philip-pica),研究生物炭不同施加量对紫花地丁生长及生理生态的影响.研究结果表明:在室内培养45 d后,在未施加生物炭的镉污染土壤中,紫花地丁的株高、鲜质量和叶绿素含量等指标随镉在土壤中质量分数的增加而显著降低(P<0.0...     

生物炭对Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的单一及竞争吸附研究

分别以玉米秸秆、牛粪为原料,在500oC氮气保护的无氧气氛下热解生成玉米秸秆生物炭(BC)和牛粪生物炭(DMBC),分别探讨两种生物炭对水溶液中4种二价重金属离子(Cu~(2+),Pb~(2+),Ni~(2+)和Cd~(2+))的单一吸附效果,并进行4种重金属在生物炭上的竞争吸附实验,探讨金属离子间在生物炭上的相互作用关系。结果显示,两种生物质原料具有不同的元素组成,BC具有较大的比表面积,DMBC的平均孔径更大。在单一吸附过程中,BC对金属的吸附动力学过程具有相似性,而DMBC对不同金属的吸附速率差异较大。4种重金属离子在生物炭上的等温吸附过程可以用Langmuir方程较好地拟合,吸附容量的顺序为:Pb~(2+)Cu~(2+)Cd~(2+)Ni~(2+)。通过金属之间的竞争吸附实验,发现在生物炭上Pb~(2+)的竞争吸附能力最强,Cu~(2+)次之,而Ni~(2+)和Cd~(2+)竞争吸附能力较弱,其吸附过程容易受到其他二价金属离子的抑制。     

Echinops bannaticus plant and Zinnia grandiflora extract as char biosource and reducing agent for the biosynthesis of Ag on magnetic char-polymer: An efficient catalyst for water treatment

In attempt to expand the use of natural compounds for waste treatment, a novel catalyst with the utility for dye reductive degradation is reported. In the catalyst synthesis procedure, the plant Echinops bannaticus was applied as a biosource and hydrothermally treated to furnish a hydrochar that served as a support. The latter was magnetized, vinyl functionalized, and then polymerized with copolymer of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and methacrylate polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane. Subsequently, Ag nanoparticles were stabilized on the resultant composite with the aid of Zinnia grandiflora extract as a natural reducing agent. The resulting catalyst displayed high catalytic activity for the reduction of methylene orange and rhodamine B dyes in aqueous media at room temperature. The effects of the reaction variables, including the reaction time and temperature, and the catalyst loading, were examined and the kinetic and thermodynamic terms for both reactions were evaluated. E_a, ΔH^#, and ΔS^# values for the reduction of methyl orange were estimated as 50.0 kJ/mol, 51.50 kJ/mol, and −102.42 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹, respectively. These values for rhodamine B were measured as 28.0 kJ/mol, 25.5 kJ/mol, and −187.56 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹, respectively. The recyclability test also affirmed that the catalyst was recyclable for several runs with insignificant Ag leaching and decrement of its activity.     

碱改柚子皮生物炭对水体中Mn(Ⅱ)的动态吸附研究

为了探求碱改柚子皮生物炭在实际应用中去除水体中Mn(Ⅱ)的理论依据,考察了其在固定床中对Mn(Ⅱ)的动态吸附.以流量、床高、Mn(Ⅱ)初始质量浓度为变量,研究了这三类运行条件对碱改柚子皮生物炭在固定床中吸附Mn(Ⅱ)的影响,并对实验结果进行了模型拟合,结果表明:碱改柚子皮生物炭对Mn(Ⅱ)的吸附有一定的缓冲作用;降低流量和Mn(Ⅱ)初始质量浓度,增加床高均能使固定床的运行时间延长;在流量为1 mL/min,Mn(Ⅱ)初始质量浓度为150 mg/L,床高为2 cm时,观察到了碱改柚子皮生物炭对Mn(Ⅱ)的最大比吸附量为25.59 mg/g;Thomas模型表明内部扩散和外部扩散不是吸附过程中的限制性步骤;在Adams-Bohart模型的拟合中发现固定床系统吸附初期的动力学受外部传质控制,且其线性表达式(BDST模型)较为准确的预测了各初始条件下Mn(Ⅱ)穿透70％的运行时间;modified dose-response模型准确的描述了Mn(Ⅱ)穿透曲线的形状.     

杨树人工林沼液和生物炭混施对表层土壤活性有机碳的影响

人工林施肥是一种重要的经营管理措施,而近年来沼液的处理与生物炭肥的使用也引起了人们广泛关注。在苏北杨树人工林集中分布区开展了沼液(施用量为0、125、250、375 m³/hm²)和生物炭(施用量为0、40、80、120 t/hm²)交互肥效实验,结果表明:①在所有沼液施肥水平中,生物炭的施用增加了表层土壤的活性有机碳,并提高了土壤微生物生物量碳氮比,使得微生物群落向真菌主导类型发展; ②在所有沼液施肥水平中,生物炭的添加显著提高了表层土壤(0～10 cm)的pH,促进了土壤的氮矿化和硝化作用; ③沼液和生物炭对土壤活性有机碳和pH具有显著的交互效应。因此,沼液和生物炭混施能进一步促进土壤活性有机碳的含量,改良土壤肥力,提高人工林生态系统生产力。     

生物炭对杨树人工林土壤微生物量及碳源代谢多样性的影响

生物炭不仅可以改良土壤理化性质,并且能够帮助土壤长期固碳从而减缓温室气体的排放。以江苏东台杨树人工林土壤为对象,设计4种生物炭添加量CK(0)、T1(40 t/hm²)、T2(80 t/hm²)、T3(120 t/hm²),探究生物炭及其季节动态变化对土壤理化性质、微生物量和碳源代谢的影响。结果表明:生物炭施入降低土壤含水率,却使得土壤pH升高; 生物炭导致土壤微生物量氮(SMBN)下降,并且SMBN具有明显季节动态变化,即冬春偏高、夏秋相对较低; 而生物炭没有明显改变土壤微生物量碳(SMBC),但SMBC季节动态变化明显。高浓度生物炭(T3)显著提高了微生物在Biolog平板上的AWCD(平均单孔颜色变化率),但对碳源代谢多样性影响不显著。主成分分析表明,相比不同的施炭处理,同一处理季节的差异更显著地影响了微生物碳源的代谢模式。