响应面法优化水葫芦生物炭吸附尼泊金乙酯工艺研究

以水葫芦为原材料,柠檬酸改性制备生物炭对尼泊金乙酯(EP)的吸附。通过Box-Behnken Design实验,使用吸附剂添加量、pH值、EP初始浓度和反应时间这四个变量对尼泊金乙酯去除率的影响进行模拟优化。实验结果表明：水葫芦生物炭（WB）与柠檬酸改性水葫芦生物炭（CA-WB）在各单因素实验中对EP溶液去除影响的大小顺序为：吸附剂添加量＞EP浓度＞pH＞反应时间。WB吸附EP的最佳反应条件为：pH为1.12、反应时间为3.28 h、EP初始浓度为18.4 g/L和WB添加量为3.86 g/L,此时WB对EP的去除率为81.04％,实际条件下验证EP去除率为85.12%,与预测值误差为4.79%;CA-WB吸附EP的最佳反应条件为：pH为2.8、反应时间为3.23 h、EP初始浓度为14.7 mg/L和CA-WB添加量为3.73 g/L,此时CA-WB对EP的去除率为96.00％,实际条件下验证EP去除率为93.24%,与预测值误差为2.96%。     

稻壳生物炭与肥料配施对稻田镉铅铬砷的钝化与肥效的影响

以稻壳生物炭为研究对象,在田间试验条件下,研究了生物炭与氮磷钾复合肥和微生物肥料配施对稻田镉(Cd),铅(Pb),铬(Cr)和砷(As)钝化与土壤肥效的影响.结果表明,稻壳生物炭与氮磷钾(NPK)复合肥配施,水稻籽粒中Cd,Pb,Cr和As的含量比对照分别降低77.3%,71.9%,14.7%和40.0%.与微生物肥料配施水稻籽粒Pb,As和Cd的吸收量分别比对照降低79.3%,75.6%和52.0%.生物炭与肥料配施对各元素的富集系数依次表现为根茎籽粒,相同处理对各元素的富集系数依次表现为As,CdPb,Cr.生物炭与复合肥和微生物肥料配施均增加了水稻产量,与对照相比,生物炭与复合肥和微生物肥料配施田间产量分别增加了6%和5%.与生物炭和微生物肥配施相比,稻壳生物炭和NPK复合肥配施在降低水稻籽粒中Pb,As,Cr,Cd的含量及水稻各部位重金属富集系数方面,具有明显的优势,适宜在多重金属污染农田中施用.     

植物源生物炭材料的制备及其在农药残留领域中的应用进展北大核心CSCD

随着农药的广泛使用,其已普遍存在于环境中,对人们的身体健康产生巨大影响。因此,环境中农药残留的去除和分析检测对保护人体安全健康至关重要。同时,农药在环境中残留浓度低,需要一种对目标物有较强选择性和富集作用,并对环境影响小的前处理吸附剂。植物源生物炭是由植物源生物质作为碳源衍生得到的材料,其比表面积大、孔容量高、表面官能团可调节,且环境相容性好,其原料植物源生物质的价格低廉、来源广泛并可再生,是一种廉价高效的吸附剂。该文主要综述了近10年来植物源生物炭用于环境中农药残留去除和分析检测前处理的应用进展。其中在农药残留去除方面的应用主要包括降低农药在土壤中的移动性,修复手性农药造成的污染,负载降解农药的细菌及作为化肥的缓释载体。在农药残留分析检测前处理方面,植物源生物炭可用作分散固相萃取、固相微萃取和磁性固相萃取的吸附剂来选择性吸附水果和蔬菜中的有机磷类和三唑类农药,以及水环境中的有机氯类农药。另外,还介绍了植物源生物炭的吸附机理,详细阐述了基于计算模拟如密度泛函理论、分子动力学模拟和巨正则蒙特卡洛模拟的吸附机理研究并讨论了其优势。最后,总结了植物源生物炭在农药去除和农药残留分析检测前处理方面应用的优势,指出了其在农药残留领域应用待解决的问题。     

A comparative study of biochar,multiwalled carbon nanotubes and graphitized carbon black as QuEChERS absorbents for the rapid determination of six triazole fungicides by UPLC-MS/MS

A rapid, effective and sensitive method to quantitatively determine six fungicide residue was developed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). The target compounds were extracted by using acetonitrile and the sorbent used for clean-up in this modified QuEChERS analytical method were biochar, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and graphitized carbon black (GCB). Results indicated that the MWCNT (10 mg) was the most effective sorbent in removing pigment. This method was validated on spinach, tomato, cucumber, celery, lettuce, rape, pakchoi, romaine lettuce and eggplant matrices spiked at three concentration levels of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg kg^?1. It exhibited recoveries between 73.1% and 118.2% with RSD values below 20%. Matrix-matched calibrations were performed with the coefficients of determination >0.9901 between concentration levels of 0.01–1 mg kg^?1. The limit of quantity (LOQ) for six pesticides ranged from 0.0036 to 0.011 mg kg^?1. The developed method was satisfactorily applied to determine pesticide residues in market vegetable samples.     

不同热解温度下杨树各组分生物质炭的理化特性分析与评价

【目的】通过对不同热解温度下杨树树叶、树枝、树皮生物质炭和秸秆生物质炭的理化特性及结构进行分析,筛选出更适用于林地土壤改良的农林废弃物种类和热解温度。【方法】以杨树不同组分树叶、树枝、树皮和秸秆等4种农林废弃物为原料,分别在300、500和700 ℃温度下制备生物质炭,测定其产率、pH、全碳、全氮含量、阳离子交换量(CEC)、比表面积和表面官能团等指标。【结果】随着热解温度的升高,4种原料生物质炭的产率逐渐降低,灰分含量和pH升高。同一热解温度下,树枝和树皮生物质炭的全碳含量高于树叶和秸秆生物质炭的,而全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和全钾(TK)含量均低于树叶和秸秆生物质炭的。4种生物质炭水溶性盐基离子含量和交换性盐基离子含量均随着热解温度的升高而增加,树叶生物质炭的阳离子交换量总体高于其他3种原料的生物炭。树叶和树皮生物质炭的比表面积和总孔容积总体大于树枝和秸秆生物质炭,树皮和树叶生物质炭在700 ℃时比表面积分别高达597.02和121.01 m²/g。4种原料生物质炭的表面官能团种类基本相同,以芳香骨架为主,表面官能团数量均随着热解温度的升高而减少,芳香化程度增强。【结论】在不同热解温度和原料制备的生物质炭中,树叶和秸秆生物质炭的灰分、pH、N、K和盐基离子含量较高,比较适用于改良酸性土壤,增加土壤养分;而杨树树枝和树皮生物质炭含碳量较高,则适用于土壤固碳,提高土壤有机质含量。其中,500 ℃热解的杨树树叶生物质炭综合性能最好,氮、磷、钾养分耗失最少,阳离子交换能力较强,比表面积大,更适用于土壤改良。     

Sustainable Chromium (VI) Removal from Contaminated Groundwater Using Nano-Magnetite-Modified Biochar via Rapid Microwave Synthesis

This study developed a nano-magnetite-modified biochar material (m-biochar) using a simple and rapid in situ synthesis method via microwave treatment, and systematically investigated the removal capability and mechanism of chromium (VI) by this m-biochar from contaminated groundwater. The m-biochar was fabricated from reed residues and magnetically modified by nano-Fe₃O₄. The results from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterisations confirmed the successful doping of nano-Fe₃O₄ on the biochar with an improved porous structure. The synthesised m-biochar exhibited significantly higher maximum adsorption capacity of 9.92 mg/g compared with that (8.03 mg/g) of the pristine biochar. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model and the intraparticle diffusion model, which indicated that the overall adsorption rate of Cr(VI) was governed by the processes of chemical adsorption, liquid film diffusion and intramolecular diffusion. The increasing of the pH from 3 to 11 significantly affected the Cr(VI) adsorption, where the capabilities decreased from 9.92 mg/g to 0.435 mg/g and 8.03 mg/g to 0.095 mg/g for the m-biochar and pristine biochar, respectively. Moreover, the adsorption mechanisms of Cr(VI) by m-biochar were evaluated and confirmed to include the pathways of electrostatic adsorption, reduction and complexation. This study highlighted an effective synthesis method to prepare a superior Cr(VI) adsorbent, which could contribute to the effective remediation of heavy metal contaminations in the groundwater.     

KMnO4和KOH改性椰壳生物炭的制备及其去除废水中铀的机理研究

用KMnO₄和KOH对椰壳生物炭进行改性,制备成改性椰壳生物炭。采用傅立叶红外光谱对其进行了表征,探究了吸附剂投加量、温度、溶液pH和U(VI)初始质量浓度对U(VI)吸附性能的影响,分析了其吸附铀的机制。结果表明:在T=298 K、c₀=10~80 mg/L,pH=5的条件下,改性椰壳生物炭对U(VI)的吸附能力达到4.82 mg/g;改性椰壳生物炭的—OH可与U(VI)发生络合反应;改性椰壳生物炭对U(VI)的吸附符合准二级动力学模型、粒子内扩散模型以及Langmuir等温吸附模型。     

含竹炭及竹醋液猪粪堆肥用作黑麦草生长基质的效果研究

利用黑麦草盆栽试验,研究了3种不同类型猪粪堆肥添加对草坪基质理化性质及黑麦草生长状况的影响,以期为猪粪堆肥合理用作草坪基质减少耕层土壤消耗提供科学依据。结果表明,与添加普通猪粪堆肥相比,添加含竹炭、竹炭+竹醋液猪粪堆肥的处理更有利于提高盆栽草坪基质养分含量;黑麦草各项指标在堆肥添加比例15%时最大,含竹炭、竹炭+竹醋液猪粪堆肥添加显著增加了黑麦草分蘖数、株高、植株干重、叶绿素及氮磷含量;盆栽基质及黑麦草根、叶Cu、Zn含量均随着堆肥添加比例的增加而增加,但添加含较多竹炭堆肥的处理显著降低了盆栽基质及黑麦草根、叶Cu、Zn含量。因此,竹炭、竹炭+竹醋液作为猪粪堆肥调理剂,可提高盆栽草坪基质养分含量,促进植物生长;含较多竹炭的猪粪堆肥添加还可以减少黑麦草对基质中重金属的吸收,降低潜在的污染风险。     

生物炭添加对污泥堆肥腐殖化和氨气排放的影响

近年来,市政污泥产量及无害化处置量均呈增加趋势,污泥堆肥技术成为研究与关注的热点,但传统堆肥中存在许多问题。为提高市政污泥堆肥腐殖化程度并减少氮素损失,通过好氧堆肥方法研究了添加生物炭对市政污泥堆肥腐殖质组分及氨气排放的影响。结果表明,在37 d堆肥中,对照组(C1)、添加5%生物炭组(C2)、添加10%生物炭组(C3)3种处理均达到腐熟标准。与对照相比,生物炭添加延长了堆体高温时间1～4 d,提高了堆体pH和电导率,对总有机碳、水溶性有机碳、富里酸分解更彻底;堆肥结束时,C2堆体腐殖化指数、胡敏酸占有率和胡富比均高于C1,腐殖化效果最好。氨气释放主要在高温期,累计释放量：C1(178.43 g/m²)>C3(151.28 g/m²)>C2(134.97 g/m²),堆肥结束C1、C2和C3总氮含量分别为11.67 g/kg、13.48 g/kg和13.03 g/kg,添加生物炭有利于氮素保留。可见,生物炭在提高堆肥腐殖质稳定和减少氨气排放中具有良好效果,且5%添加量优于10%。     

Co-Pyrolysis of Cotton Stalks and Low-Density Polyethylene to Synthesize Biochar and Its Application in Pb(II) Removal

It is inevitable that reclaimed cotton stalks will contain a certain amount of plastic film due to the wide application of plastic mulching during the process of cotton cultivation, and this makes it inappropriate to return it to the field or for it to be processed into silage. In this study, biochars were prepared by the co-pyrolysis of cotton stalk with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) in the proportions of 1:0, 3:1, 2:1, and 1:1 (w/w) at 400 °C, 450 °C, and 500 °C and maintaining them for 1 h. The effects of the co-pyrolysis of cotton stalk with LDPE on the properties of biochars (e.g., pH, yield, elemental analysis, specific surface area, etc.) and the Pb(II) removal capacity were analyzed. Co-pyrolysis cotton stalks with LDPE could delay the decomposition of LDPE but could promote the decomposition of cotton stalk. At 400 °C and 450 °C, the addition of LDPE decreased the H/C ratio, while no significant difference was found between the pristine biochar and the blended biochar pyrolyzed at 500 °C. An FTIR analysis indicated that the surface functional groups of biochar were not affected by the addition of LDPE, except for CH₃ and CH₂. The results of the SEM showed that LDPE could cover the surface of biochar when pyrolyzed at 400 °C, while many macropores were found in the blended biochar that was pyrolyzed at 450 °C and 500 °C, thus increasing its surface area. The blended biochar that was pyrolyzed at 500 °C was more effective in the removal of Pb(II) than the cotton-stalk-derived biochar, which was dominated by monolayer adsorption with a maximum adsorption capacity of approximately 200 mg·g⁻¹. These results suggested that the co-pyrolysis of cotton stalks and LDPE may be used to produce biochar, which is a cost-effective adsorbent for heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions.