Removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution using magnetic biochar synthesized by a single step method

Magnetic biochar, as an adsorbent, was synthesized by a single step method, where iron salt was directly mixed with pinewood sawdust by chemical co-precipitation and subsequently pyrolyzed at 700°C for Cr (VI) removal from aqueous solution. The effects of some important parameters including adsorbent dosage (0.4–2.8?g/L), pH (1–10) of the solution, contact time (0–1440 minutes), initial concentration (30–120?mg/L), and temperature (20–40°C) were investigated in batch experiments. Both pre- and post-adsorbents were characterized by SEM-EDX and XPS to investigate the adsorption mechanism. The maximum adsorption capacity of the tested magnetic biochar under the certain experimental conditions determined as optimal was 42.7?mg/g for Cr (VI). The adsorption data were proved to be suitable for the pseudo-second order model for kinetics and the Langmuir model for isotherms with correlation R²?=?0.9996 andR²?>?0.9980, respectively, after fitting with four kinetic models (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, W-M model, and Elovich) and three isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin). The characteristic analyses further verified that the efficient particle was a mixture of iron oxides in essence, and it had a strong effect on the spontaneous and endothermic adsorption process.     

花生壳生物炭对水中重金属Cr6+、Cu2+的吸附研究

生物碳因其来源广泛、低廉及良好的表面理化性能,作为吸附材料在处理水中有机及重金属污染方面具有较大的潜力。研究利用花生壳制得生物炭,用于处理含~(6+)和Cu~(2+)的模拟废水。探讨了接触时间、p H值、生物炭投加量及温度等对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,生物碳吸附~(6+)和Cu~(2+)时间在120 min达到平衡。在酸性条件下(p H=2~5),生物炭投加量为4g/L,温度为30℃时生物炭对~(6+)的吸附效果较好;在偏碱性条件下(p H≥5),生物炭投加量为10 g/L,温度为40℃时生物炭对Cu~(2+)有较好的吸附效果。通过Langmuir和Frenudlich吸附等温方程拟合,表明生物炭对~(6+)和Cu~(2+)的吸附过程更符合Frendlich模型,吸附过程可以用假二级动力学模型描述,说明吸附主要是表面化学吸附。     

Voltammetric Electronic Tongue Based on Carbon Paste Electrodes Modified with Biochar for Phenolic Compounds Stripping Detection

Biochar is a charcoal produced from the biomass pyrolysis process that presents a highly porous and functionalized surface. In the present work an array of carbon paste electrodes (CPE) made of different forms of carbon (graphite, carbon nanotubes and activated biochar) was evaluated in the development of an electronic tongue for discrimination and stripping voltammetric determination of catechol (CAT), 4‐ethylcatechol (4‐EC) and 4‐ethylguaiacol (4‐EG) phenolic compounds. Morphological characterization of carbon materials and electrodes surfaces was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and semi‐quantitative elemental composition by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were used for electrochemical characterization of electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry measurements were performed for the phenolic compounds evaluated using different concentrations. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to evaluate the qualitative analysis. Quantitative data modeling was done using artificial neural networks (ANN). The proposed sensor array presented analytical potentiality allowing the distinction and determination of CAT, 4‐EC and 4‐EG by using chemometric processing. The method showed sensibility, reproducibility and a good linearity (R²>0.9940) for three compounds evaluated. Spontaneous preconcentration of three compounds was possible using all three sensors, which can allow the application of these as passive samplers for remote determinations of phenolic compounds in wine and food samples.     

Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Biochar for Sensitive Electrochemical Determination of Paraquat

The present work reports for the first time the determination of paraquat (PQ²⁺) by Differential Pulse Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry (DPAdSV) using a carbon paste electrode modified (CPME) with biochar obtained from castor oil cake at different temperatures (200–600 °C). The best voltammetric response was verified using biochar yielded at 400 °C (CPME‐BC400). Linear dynamic range (LDR) for PQ²⁺ concentrations between 3.0×10^?8 and 1.0×10^?6 mol L^?1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 7.5×10^?9 mol L^?1 were verified. The method was successfully applied for PQ²⁺ quantification in spiked samples of natural water and coconut water.     

生物炭改性填埋场覆盖粉土的甲烷氧化能力试验研究

试验采用一种填埋场覆盖粉土作为土料,分别以木屑和水稻秸秆为原料热解的生物炭作为土料的改良剂,通过30天的甲烷氧化培养瓶试验研究了粉土以及两种不同生物炭改性土的甲烷氧化能力,同时研究了土样含水率对其甲烷氧化能力的影响。试验结果表明：两种生物炭均能提高粉土的甲烷氧化能力2.5倍左右。试验中所有土样在含水率在10%时几乎没有甲烷氧化能力,粉土以及两种生物炭改性土的甲烷氧化适宜含水率范围也各不相同,掺入生物炭能够增大粉土的甲烷氧化适宜含水率范围;本文运用击实曲线估计了试验中土样的水气双开敞(即水气都连通)条件的含水率范围,其结果表明：土样的水气双开敞条件含水率界限差值越大,土样的甲烷氧化适宜含水率界限差值也越大。掺入生物炭增大了粉土土样的水气双开敞条件的含水率范围,因此增大了其甲烷氧化适宜含水率范围。     

生物炭及其固定化微生物对垃圾堆肥的除臭增效作用

将环境中越来越多的废弃物变废为宝,一直是人们研究的热点和难点。本文利用廉价生物质废弃物,采用微波热解制备出了具有高吸附性能的生物炭,并采用富集培养方法,从垃圾填埋场中筛选出一株除臭细菌Pl-1, 经16s rDNA鉴定为壤霉菌。在此基础上,采用载体结合法将除臭菌吸附固定在生物炭上,开展了垃圾堆肥生物炭除臭增效技术研究。结果表明,微波热解制备生物炭具有快速、均匀和高效的优点,制备的生物炭不仅可以吸附污染物,而且通过固定除臭细菌Pl-1对垃圾堆肥中恶臭物质NH3和H2S的去除效率可达 81.6%和90.2%,堆肥产品的肥效与生物炭施用量密切相关,具有低剂量刺激高剂量抑制的现象,其中, 堆肥微生物呼吸强度剂量效应关系方程为Y=-0.018X2 0.6655X 5.0723。     

施用生物炭和复合肥对桢楠生长及养分吸收的影响

为促进生物炭在林业生产中的科学应用,采用野外林地试验,设置不施肥(CK)、施用复合肥200 g (F)、稻壳生物炭300 g (RB)、木屑生物炭300 g (WB)、稻壳生物炭300 g+复合肥200 g (RBF)、木屑生物炭300 g+复合肥200 g (WBF)等6种施肥处理,探究不同处理对桢楠(Phoebe zhennan)生长和养分吸收的影响。结果表明：与不施肥处理相比,单施稻壳生物炭能显著增加桢楠的叶面积,促进叶对N的吸收;单施木屑生物炭能显著增加桢楠株高增长量、根生物量和叶面积,显著促进叶对N、P的吸收和根对K的吸收,但显著抑制茎对P的吸收。与单施复合肥处理相比,稻壳生物炭与复合肥配施能显著增加桢楠株高增长量、叶面积,促进叶对N的吸收;而木屑生物炭与复合肥配施能显著增加桢楠茎生物量、叶面积,促进根对K的吸收,但显著抑制茎对N的吸收。综上,单施木屑生物炭、木屑生物炭与复合肥配施在一定程度上能促进桢楠的生长和养分吸收,可作为桢楠造林的备选基质。     

功能化生物炭吸附水中无机污染物的研究进展

生物炭作为一种多孔材料可用于污染水体修复,但生物质直接制备的原始生物炭通常吸附能力有限且回收再利用和固液分离困难。以原始生物炭为基础,通过各种改性技术制得的功能化生物炭在水处理领域表现出巨大的应用潜力。归纳和分析了近年来功能化生物炭对水体无机物污染物的吸附研究,总结了吸附水体无机污染物的功能化生物炭的制备方法、吸附性能、机制和影响因素。在此基础上,从实际应用、经济和技术可行性等方面提出了今后研究的重点。     

鸡粪生物炭对萘的吸附性能研究

以鸡粪为生物质原料,采用热分解法在管式炉中氮气氛围下分别于300、500、700℃温度下及在马弗炉中限氧500℃温度下制备生物炭,采用XRD、SEM和FTIR等对所制备的鸡粪生物炭进行表征,研究不同条件下所制备的鸡粪生物炭对萘吸附特性的影响,并探讨鸡粪生物炭对萘的吸附机理。结果表明,鸡粪生物炭具有凹凸不平、不规则表面的无定形炭结构,表面具有—COOH、—OH等多种含氧官能团;随着热解温度的升高,萘在鸡粪生物炭上的吸附量先减小后增加,其中,在700℃热解温度下制备的鸡粪生物炭对萘的吸附量最大;鸡粪生物炭对萘的吸附过程主要为化学吸附,而且是多层吸附,其中,700℃热解温度下制备的鸡粪生物炭对萘的吸附机制主要是疏水作用,而300℃热解温度下制备的鸡粪生物炭对萘的吸附机制主要为分配作用。     

不同热解温度下生物质废弃物制备的生物质炭组成及结构特征

以玉米秸秆、 树枝和树叶3种生物质废弃物为原料, 分别采用差热/热重分析(TG/DTG)、 红外光谱(FT IR)、 Boehm滴定及X射线衍射（XRD）方法考察热解温度为350,550,750 ℃时制备的生物质炭结构及组成特征. 结果表明： 玉米秸秆原料的热稳定性最低, 热解过程中质量损失最大, 其次是树枝和树叶; 玉米秸秆原料的XRD谱弥散程度最大, 构成炭的微晶层数相对较少; 不同原料在相同温度制备的生物质炭, 其单位质量含有的表面官能团种类和总量相近, 但pH值差别较大, 其中玉米秸秆制成的生物质炭pH最大; 随着温度的升高, 相同原料制备生物质炭的芳香化程度增加, 表面官能团总量减少, pH值升高, 纤维素和半纤维素特征峰消失, 结构趋于石墨微晶.