Calculation of the free energy of solvation for neutral analogs of amino acid side chains

The ability of the GROMOS96 force field to reproduce partition constants between water and two less polar solvents (cyclohexane and chloroform) for analogs of 18 of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids has been investigated. The estimations of the solvation free energies in water, in cyclohexane solution, and chloroform solution are based on thermodynamic integration free energy calculations using molecular dynamics simulations. The calculations show that while the force field reproduces the experimental solvation free energies of nonpolar analogs with reasonable accuracy the solvation free energies of polar analogs in water are systematically overestimated (too positive). The dependence of the calculated free energies on the atomic partial charges was also studied.     

Asymmetric synthesis of 1,3-oxathiolan-5-one derivatives through dynamic covalent kinetic resolution

The asymmetric synthesis of 1,3-oxathiolan-5-one derivatives through an enzyme-catalyzed, dynamic covalent kinetic resolution strategy is presented. Dynamic hemithioacetal formation combined with intramolecular, lipase-catalyzed lactonization resulted in good conversions with moderate to good enantiomeric excess (ee) for the final products. The process was evaluated for different lipase preparations, solvents, bases, and reaction temperatures, where lipase B from Candida antarctica (CAL-B) proved most efficient. The substrate scope was furthermore explored for a range of aldehyde structures, together with the potential access to nucleoside analog inhibitor core structures.     

Carbenes,related intermediates,and small-sized cycles: contribution from Professor Nefedov’s laboratory

The review summarizes some of the most prominent results obtained in the laboratory headed by Academician Oleg M. Nefedov at the N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the field of chemistry of carbenes, their heavy analogs, and related intermediates, as well as small-sized cycles. Those include elaboration of safe methodology of cyclopropanation using diazomethane, development and extension of synthetic applications of diazoesters and other diazo compounds in the preparation of valuable chemical products, design of functionalized alkynylcyclopropanes on the basis of alkynylcarbene reactions, creation of versatile synthetic approaches to preparation of various practically useful fluoroorganic compounds on the basis of reactions of fluorocarbenes, development of synthetic applications of heavy carbene analogs and synthesis of small-sized heterocycles containing silicon and germanium atoms, analysis of mechanisms of some important reactions of carbenes, their analogs and related intermediates on the basis of physicochemical studies, direct spectroscopic studies of various labile intermediates of chemical reactions.     

A Convenient Laboratory Preparation of N,N-Dimethyl-dichloro-methylene-iminium Chloride (Phosgene-iminium chloride)

A method of preparation of the title compound 1a avoiding the use of gaseous chlorine is described. Tetramethylthiuram disulfide 4 is oxidized with sulfuryl chloride to dime thyl thiocarbamoyl chloride 5, which is converted to 1a by means of phosphorus pentachloride.     

Synthesis and Anti‐HIV Activity of Triazolo‐Fused 2′,3′‐Cyclic Nucleoside Analogs Prepared by an Intramolecular Huisgen 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition

Triazolo‐fused 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleoside analogs were synthesized by an intramolecular 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of nucleoside‐derived azido alkynes in a regio‐ and stereospecific manner. The uracil base in these target compounds was successfully transformed to the corresponding cytosine. The synthesized compounds were examined in a MAGI assay for their anti‐HIV activities, and in a H9 T lymphocytes assay for their cell toxicities.     

Kinetics for the Reaction between Potassium Ferricyanide and Cobalt Chloride in Aqueous Solution and Microemulsion

The kinetics for the reaction between potassium ferricyanide (K₃Fe(CN)₆) and cobalt chloride (CoCl₂) in aqueous solution and water/bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccianate (AOT)/isooctane microemulsions were studied by three-wavelength spectrophotometry at 298.2 K. The second-order rate constants (k₂) were calculated from the time dependence of the concentration of reactant K₃Fe(CN)₆. The result showed that the reaction rates in water/AOT/isooctane microemulsions were slower than that in the aqueous solution, and k₂ decreased with molar ratio (ω) of water to AOT in microemulsions, which was interpreted by the transition state theory and confirmed that the reaction took place at the interfaces of the microemulsion water pools.     

Synthesis of Heteroanellated Pyranosides Starting from Methyl 4,6‐O‐benzylidene‐2,3‐dideoxy‐α‐d‐erythro‐hexopyranosid‐2‐ylidenemalononitrile

The hexopyranosid‐2‐ylidenemalononitrile 1 reacted with phenyl isothiocyanate in the presence of triethylamine to furnish (2R,4aR,6S,10bS)‐8‐amino‐4a,6,10,10b‐tetrahydro‐6‐methoxy‐2‐phenyl‐10‐phenylimino‐4H‐thiopyrano[3′,4′:4,5]pyrano[3,2‐d][1,3]dioxine‐7‐carbonitrile (2). Starting from 1, cyclization with sulphur and diethylamine yielded (2R,4aR,6S,9bR)‐8‐amino‐4,4a,6,9b‐tetrahydro‐6‐methoxy‐2‐phenylthieno[2′,3′:4,5]pyrano[3,2‐d][1,3]dioxine‐7‐carbonitrile (3), which could be transformed into the corresponding aminomethylenamino derivative 4 by treatment with triethyl orthoformate and ammonia. Intramolecular cyclization of 4 to yield (2R,4aR,6S,11bR)‐4,4a,6,11b‐tetrahydro‐6‐methoxy‐2‐phenyl[1,3]dioxino[4″,5″:5′,6′]pyrano[3′,4′:4,5]thieno [2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐7‐amine (5) was achieved by using NaH as base. (2R,4aR,6S,9bS)‐8‐Amino‐4a,6,9,9b‐tetrahydro‐6‐methoxy‐9‐(4‐methylphenyl‐sulfonyl)‐2‐phenyl‐4H‐[1,3]dioxino[4′,5′:5,6]pyrano[4,3‐b]pyrrole‐7‐carbonitrile (6) was prepared by treatment of compound 1 with tosylazide and triethylamine.     

液相色谱-四极杆/飞行时间质谱法分析29种芬太尼类物质及其碎裂机理北大核心CSCD

芬太尼类物质品种繁多,自我国整类列管后,整类检测是该领域的重点和难点。该文详细研究了29种化合物的二级质谱碎片离子碎裂机理,总结出芬太尼类物质的碎裂规律和特点,为芬太尼物质的整类筛查检测提供参考。建立了分析29种芬太尼类物质的一级和二级质谱库的定性方法,建立了液相色谱-四极杆/飞行时间质谱(LC-QTOF-MS)检测29种芬太尼类物质的定量方法。药品和白色粉末类、蛋白质和乳饮料类样品经乙腈提取,含糖固体或粉末类、饮用水类、果蔬饮料类、保健饮料类、茶饮料类、酒类样品经10%乙腈水溶液提取,提取液经涡旋、离心和过膜后,采用Kinetex C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,2.6μm)分离,以乙腈和0.08%甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用四极杆/飞行时间质谱,在正离子模式下,外标法定量检测。结果表明,29种芬太尼类物质在1~20μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.995,检出限(LOQ)均为0.01 mg/kg,定量限(LOQ)均为0.05 mg/kg,在降糖药、露露、葡萄糖粉、珍露保健饮料和巧克力样品中3个加标水平平均回收率为85.2%~112.9%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.9%~19.8%(n=6)。该方法操作简单,耗时短,灵敏度高,稳定性好,检测品种覆盖范围广,适用于药品类、含糖固体或粉末类、饮料类、饮用水类和酒类等样品中29芬太尼类物质的定性和定量检测。     

Synthesis of New Brassinosteroid 24-Norcholane Type Analogs Conjugated in C-3 with Benzoate Groups

The metabolism of brassinosteroid leads to structural modifications in the ring skeleton or the side alkyl chain. The esterification and glycosylation at C-3 are the most common metabolic pathways, and it has been suggested that conjugate brassinosteroids are less active or inactive. In this way, plants regulate the content of active brassinosteroids. In this work, the synthesis of brassinosteroid 24-norcholane type analogs conjugated at C-3 with benzoate groups, carrying electron donor and electron attractant substituents on the aromatic ring, is described. Additionally, their growth-promoting activities were evaluated using the Rice Lamina Inclination Test (RLIT) and compared with that exhibited by brassinolide (used as positive control) and non-conjugated analogs. The results indicate that at the lowest tested concentrations (10⁻⁸–10⁻⁷ M), all analogs conjugated at C-3 exhibit similar or higher activities than brassinolide, and the diasteroisomers with S configuration at C-22 are the more active ones. Increasing concentration (10⁻⁶ M) reduces the biological activities of analogs as compared to brassinolide.     

A convenient and efficient H2SO4-promoted regioselective monobromination of phenol derivatives using N-bromosuccinimide

Abstract

A convenient, rapid H₂SO₄-promoted regioselective monobromination reaction with N-bromosuccinimide was developed. The desired para-monobrominated or ortho-monobrominated products of phenol derivatives were obtained in good to excellent yields with high selectivity. Regioselective chlorination and iodination were also achieved in the presence of H₂SO₄ using N-chlorosuccinimide and N-iodosuccinimide, respectively.