Sterically stabilized emulsion polymerization of styrene: Pseudo‐semicontinuous approach

The sterically stabilized emulsion polymerization of styrene initiated by a water‐soluble initiator at different temperatures has been investigated. The rate of polymerization (R_p) versus conversion curve shows the two non‐stationary‐rate intervals typical for the polymerization proceeding under non‐stationary‐state conditions. The shape of the R_p versus conversion curve results from two opposite effects—the increased number of particles and the decreased monomer concentration at reaction loci as the polymerization advances. At elevated temperatures the monomer emulsion equilibrates to a two‐phase or three‐phase system. The upper phase is transparent (monomer), and the lower one is blue colored, typical for microemulsion. After stirring such a multiphase system and initiation of polymerization, the initial coarse polymer emulsion was formed. The average size of monomer/polymer particles strongly decreased up to about 40% conversion and then leveled off. The initial large particles are assumed to be highly monomer‐swollen particles formed by the heteroagglomeration of unstable polymer particles and monomer droplets. The size of the “highly monomer” swollen particles continuously decreases with conversion, and they merge with the growing particles at about 40–50% conversion. The monomer droplets and/or large highly monomer‐swollen polymer particles also serve as a reservoir of monomer and emulsifier. The continuous release of nonionic (hydrophobic) emulsifier from the monomer phase increases the colloidal stability of primary particles and the number of polymer particles, that is, the particle nucleation is shifted to the higher conversion region. Variations of the square and cube of the mean droplet radius with aging time indicate that neither the coalescence nor the Ostwald ripening is the main driving force for the droplet instability. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 804–820, 2003     

Side‐chain crystallization behavior of graft copolymers consisting of an amorphous main chain and crystalline side chains. II. Poly(n‐hexyl methacrylate)‐graft‐poly(ethylene glycol)

The phase behavior and crystallization of graft copolymers consisting of poly(n‐hexyl methacrylate) (PHMA) as an amorphous main chain and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as crystallizable side chains (HMAx with 15 ≤ x ≤ 73, where x represents the weight percentage of PEG) were investigated. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering profiles measured above the melting temperature of PEG suggested that a microdomain structure with segregated PHMA and PEG domains was formed in HMA40 and HMA46. This phase behavior was qualitatively described by a calculated phase diagram based on the mean‐field theory. Because of the segregation of PEG into microdomains, the crystallization temperature of the PEG side chains in HMAx was higher than that in poly(methyl acrylate)‐graft‐poly(ethylene glycol) having a similar value of x, which was considered to be in a disordered state above the melting temperature. In HMAx with x ≤ 40, PEG crystallization was strongly restricted, probably because the PEG microdomains were isolated in the PHMA matrix. As a result, the growth of PEG spherulite was not observed because the PEG crystallization occurred after vitrification of the PHMA segregated domains. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 129–137, 2007     

Surface characterization and barrier properties of plasma‐modified polyethersulfone/layered silicate nanocomposites

This study describes the preparation of polyethersulfone (PES)/layered silicate nanocomposites (PLSNs) by mixing PES polymer chain into organically‐modified layered silicate in 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP) solution. Both X‐ray diffraction data and transmission electron microscopy images of PLSNs indicate that the silicate layers were almost exfoliated and randomly distributed into the PES matrix. The mechanical and barrier properties of PLSNs show remarkable enhancement in the storage modulus and water/oxygen permeability when compared with that of neat PES matrix. Surfaces modification of PES and PLSN films with various treated times, system pressures, and radio frequency (RF) powers were performed using a mixture of oxygen (O₂) and nitrogen (N₂) plasmas. The topographical and physical properties of plasma‐modified PES and PLSN surfaces were investigated using scanning probe microscopy (SPM), contact‐angle measurements, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These results indicate that the surface roughness of PLSNs with the same condition of plasma modification is lower than that of neat PES matrix and is probably due to the increase of stiffness with the presence of inorganic layered silicates in PES matrix. The surface properties of the PES and PLSNs are also changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. The XPS spectra suggest that the exposure of the PES and PLSNs to the plasmas led to the combination of etching reactions of polymer surface initiated by plasma and the following addition reactions of new oxygen‐ and nitrogen‐containing functional groups onto polymer surfaces to change their surface properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3185–3194, 2006     

超高交联吸附树脂吸附对硝基苯乙酮的热力学研究

比较两种超高交联聚苯乙烯吸附树脂NJ-8、AM-1与Amberlite XAD-4(以下简称XAD-4)对对硝基苯乙酮的静态吸附行为，根据吸附等温线研究了吸附热力学性质．在298～318K和研究的浓度范围内，NJ-8，AM-1、XAD-4对对硝基苯乙酮的吸附平衡数据符合Freundlich吸附等温方程．结果表明：吸附为放热过程，适当降低温度有利于吸附．计算了对硝基苯乙酮在NJ-8，AM-1、XAD-4树脂上的吸附焓变、自由能变，吸附熵变．对吸附行为作了合理的解释。     

Self-avoiding walks and trees in spread-out lattices

LetG _R be the graph obtained by joining all sites ofZ ^d which are separated by a distance of at mostR. Let (G _R ) denote the connective constant for counting the self-avoiding walks in this graph. Let (G _R ) denote the coprresponding constant for counting the trees embedded inG _R . Then asR, (G _R ) is asymptotic to the coordination numberk _R ofG _R , while (G _R ) is asymptotic toek _R. However, ifd is 1 or 2, then (G _R )-k _R diverges to –.Dedicated to Oliver Penrose on this occasion of his 65th birthday.     

Rheological Behavior for Mica-filled Polypropylene Composite Melts

The study on rheological properties of a series of mica-filled polypropylene (PP) composites was carried out. The influence of surface-treatment of mica particles on dynamic rheological behavior of the composites were dealt with. The viscosity (η) and dynamic modulus ( G‘ ) of the composite melts were higher than those of PP matrix, especially those for systems treated with silane, which was attributed to the interfacial adhesion enhancement. However, surface-treatment of mica by titanate resulted in lower η and G‘, as compared with the treatment by silane. The reason for this is believed to be the formation of the mono-molecular layer on the mica surface.     

浅议全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标

全面建设小康社会的含义是什么?它与中国特色社会主义经济、政治、化建设的关系是什么?怎样才能建成更高水平的小康社会?本从三个方面进行阐述：全面建设小康社会是中国特色社会主义经济、政治、化全面发展的目标；全面建设小康社会是实现现代化必经的承上启下的发展阶段；实现全面建设小康社会奋斗目标，根本在发展，关键在改革，实质是为民。     

蒸发器管路特性自动测试装置研制

介绍了制冷机中蒸发器和毛细管等管路器件特性参数自动测试装置的设计原理和实施方法。通过对管中气流的理论分析，利用铂电阻、差压和流量变送器等检测仪表，用单片机进行数据采集、运算处理和流程控制，解决了管路器件泄漏和阻力综合参数测试装置研制中的几个关键问题。该装置可灵活方便地应用于制冷行业管路器件质量监控。     

钢纤维-钢骨砼梁柱节点抗震性能的试验研究

通过对两个由钢纤维—钢骨混凝土柱与钢纤维混凝土梁构成的框架节点在低周反复荷载作用下的试验，表明这种组合框架节点具有良好的抗震性能．对于如何更有效的增强节点的抗震性能进行了阐述。     

一种热电阻动态特性原位校准方法

研制了一种可在测量中，现场、原位使用的用于热电阻动态特性校准的计算机插板。由传热学原理，论证了热电阻在外部阶跃温度响应与回路电流阶跃方法(LCSR法)温度响应之间的联系，据此，建立了求得响应时间常数的数据处理方法。在滑油和风洞里用LCSR方法和被测介质温度阶跃进行的对比实验表明：该方法求取的时间常数误差小于5％。用该方法分别求得的热电阻和外壳的时间常数，可以进一步确定影响响应速度的主要因素。