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201.
R. Horst 《Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications》1989,61(1):143-146
This technical comment refers to the discussion of strong consistency of several bounding procedures in Lemma 2.1 and Proposition 2.1 of Ref. 1. A necessary clarification is given of the notion of convergence q in Lemma 2.1, and a derivation of Proposition 2.1 is presented that includes a new and simple consistency proof of the classical bounding by convex envelopes used in many branch-and-bound procedures. 相似文献
202.
陶华学 《山东科技大学学报(自然科学版)》1988,(4)
应用模糊数学方法研究和处理矿山测量中存在的具有“模糊性”的问题。例如控制网布设方案及矿山测量图纸质量的综合评判。它能更准确地描述用精确数学模型难以描述的问题。 相似文献
203.
为了消除应用焓法进行含有相变的有限元传热计算结果呈台阶形的现象,本文作者提出“焓计算单元”和“固相分数”的概念,并将几种一维有限元实施方案的计算结果与精确解对比,说明采用所提出的概念,可以使有限元计算得出更为合理的结果。 相似文献
204.
205.
Atomic populations and localization [lambda(A)] and delocalization [delta(A,B)] indices (LIs and DIs) are calculated for a large set of molecules at the Hartree-Fock (HF), MP2, MP4(SDQ), CISD, and QCISD levels with the 6-311++G(2d,2p) basis set. The HF method and the conventional correlation methods [MP2, MP4(SDQ), CISD, and QCISD] yield distinct sets of LIs and DIs. Yet, within the four conventional correlation methods the differences in atomic populations and LIs and DIs are small. Relative to HF, the conventional correlation methods [MP2, MP4(SDQ), CISD, QCISD] yield virtually the same LIs and DIs for molecules with large charge separations while LIs and DIs that differ significantly from the HF values--the LIs are increased and DIs decreased--are obtained for bonds with no or small charge separations. Such is the case in the archetypal homopolar molecules HC(triple bond)CH, H2C=CH2, CH3-CH3, and "protonated cyclopropane" C(3)H(7) (+), in which case the bonding may be atypical. Relative to HF, the typical effect of the conventional correlation methods is to decrease the DI between atoms. 相似文献
206.
甾醇资源的利用和皮质激素侧链的合成方法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文讨论了开发甾醇资源作为甾体药物合成原料的前景,并综述了近几年由17-酮基甾体合成皮质激素侧链的各种方法。 相似文献
207.
Lucien Stella 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》1983,22(5):337-350
Many N-chloroalkylamines with double bond(s) dissociate homolytically to give chlorine atoms and aminyl radicals which undergo intramolecular cyclization reactions. Here, the nature of the aminyl radicals (neutral, protonated, or complexed to metal salts) appears to be important. The reactivity varies strongly from one species to another, and their selectivities can be different towards addition, substitution, abstraction, or dimerization reactions. A good synthetic tool appears to be the “complexed radical”, which is generated under mild conditions. A variety of β-functionalized, substituted, fused, or bridged azaheterocycles with alkaloid part structures thus become easily accessible in high yields, in a regio- and, possibly, stereoselective manner. Many examples are discussed illustrating the synthetic possibilities, limitations, and mechanistic features of this cyclization process. 相似文献
208.
Jürgen Grotemeyer Edward W. Schlag 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》1988,27(4):447-459
Mass spectrometry is one of the most important analytical tools in chemistry, biology, medicine and related areas. During the past 30 years, methods have been developed, both for the qualitative as well as the quantitative analysis of a wide variety of substances. The introduction of lasers into chemistry has also profited mass spectrometry, since its nonlinear properties and its tunability open up fundamentally new frontiers. Multiphoton ionization mass spectrometry combines UV-spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, thus providing a two-dimensional method that enables substance-specific and even state-specific analyses. This progress report presents the fundamentals and possibilities of MUPI mass spectrometry and discusses investigations on amino acids, peptides, chlorophylls and sugars. For each substance, multiphoton ionization can be tuned in such a way that only the molecular ion is formed. An increase of laser intensity induces substance-specific fragmentations of the molecule, thus contributing to a quick and easy identification of the substance. 相似文献
209.
Pappa A. Kyriakou S. Mikedi K. Tzamtzis N. Statheropoulos M. 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2004,78(2):415-426
The design, the abilities and a characteristic application of an in-house made interface for combining thermogravimetry (TG)
with mass spectrometry (MS) are presented. The TG-MS interface consists mainly of three co-axial tubes. The position of the
intermediate tube was determined after calculation of the temperature profile at the TG furnace exit tube. The inner tube
position was determined taking into consideration its protection against condensation of heavy molecules and the time delay
for the transfer of the evolved gases. This interface allows either continuous sampling and transferring of the evolved gases
from the TG to the MS or repetitive introduction of short sampling pulses of TG evolved gases to MS. The interface is capable
of coupling various commercial instruments. In the present work two configurations of this interface are demonstrated. Finally
an example of application of this interface on forest fuel pyrolysis is presented.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
210.
Thomas P J Linsinger Alexander Bernreuther Philippe Corbisier Marta Dabrio Håkan Emteborg Andrea Held Andrée Lamberty Gaida Lapitajs Marina Ricci Gert Roebben Stefanie Trapmann Franz Ulberth Hendrik Emons 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2007,12(3-4):167-174
The potential approaches for third-party assessment of reference material producers are revisited and the activities of the
Reference Materials (RM) Unit of the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) to obtain accreditation to
ISO Guide 34 and ISO 17025 are described. Accreditation was related to the Unit as all matrix RM activities of the institute
are concentrated there. A management system was established that allows sufficient flexibility to be applicable to a wide
range of RMs while being precise enough to ensure compliance with ISO Guides 30, 31 and especially 34 and 35. Accreditation
was achieved in 2004 with independent scopes for testing and RM production and was confirmed and extended in 2005. The key
aspects of the RM Unit's management system for RM production are presented.
Presented at BERM-10, April 2006, Charleston, SC, USA 相似文献