射频溅射法和电弧离子镀法制备的纳米TiO2薄膜性能比较

采用射频磁控溅射法和电弧离子镀法制备了纳米TiO2薄膜,并利用XRD、UV-VIS、AFM及通过亲水性和光催化实验对两种方法制备的TiO2薄膜进行了对比表征.结果表明,磁控溅射法的薄膜生长速率只有电弧离子镀法的1/30;前者仅需较低的退火温度就能形成完善的锐钛矿结构;虽然两者有相近的紫外吸收边,但是前者有较大的紫外吸收;磁控溅射法制备的TiO2薄膜表面呈现针状晶结构和具有较大的比表面积;在暗室中保存5 h后,磁控溅射法制备的TiO2膜水的接触角恢复到1°,而后者达到20°;对于光催化降解苯酚,前者有较大的降解率.     

1.3 GHz超导腔磁通排出效应研究

设计并搭建了一套高精度的磁场测量和补偿系统,并结合中国科学院高能物理研究所(IHEP)的2K超导腔垂直测试平台对1.3 GHz单加速间隙超导腔的磁通排出效应开展了实验研究:利用研制的磁场测量和补偿系统能够精密地测量超导腔赤道位置磁场,并能够将磁场补偿至小于5.0×10-8 T;并对超导腔不同表面温度梯度下的磁通排出效应进行了测量分析;对钉扎了磁场的超导腔进行了射频性能测试,研究了超导腔电阻对磁通钉扎的敏感度,以及在不同电场梯度下超导腔的表面电阻变化情况。结果表明,研制的高精度磁场测量和补偿系统能够满足超导腔磁通排出研究的需求;高的超导腔表面温度梯度有利于磁通的排出;磁通钉扎电阻的敏感度随着加速电场梯度的增加而增大,导致超导腔的性能下降。此实验研究也为后续超导腔的研制奠定了一定基础。     

单斜ZnP2负极材料的锂化机理及性能

过渡金属磷化物电位低且比容量高, 是有发展前景的锂离子电池(LIBs)负极材料. 其中, ZnP₂属于双活性负极材料, Zn与P都能与Li⁺发生反应, 储Li⁺性能更具有竞争力. 但是, 对于ZnP₂的锂化机理及产物尚不明确. 采用第一性原理计算和电化学测试方法研究了ZnP₂的电子性质和电化学性能, 通过理论计算和实验测试相结合阐述了ZnP₂的锂化机制. 首先, 以密度泛函理论(DFT)计算揭示了ZnP₂的锂化机理、Li⁺扩散路径、势垒和理论比容量(1477 mAh/g). 其次, 通过直流电弧等离子体法及固相烧结法合成ZnP₂, 并测试其首圈放电曲线, 显示放电容量为1439 mAh/g, 与理论计算结果相近. 此外, 薄膜X射线衍射(XRD)检测最终产物成分为LiZn和Li₃P, 与DFT计算结果一致.     

氢气辅助的水中埋弧法制备小直径碳纳米管

用改进的石墨电弧放电方法制备了小直径、高质量的碳纳米管,以水为打弧介质,氢气为保护气体.该方法具有装置简单,电流小,无催化剂,制备出的多壁碳纳米管直径小于10 nm等优点.     

Determination of the arc-root position in a DC plasma torch

The behavior of an arc operated in the nontransferred mode with a conical-shaped cathode and a nozzle-shaped anode is studied by applying general tyro-dimensional conservation equations and auxiliary relations for the simulation of arc channel flows. The position of the arc-root attachment at the anode surface is determined by using Steenbeck's minimum principle, which postulates a minimum arc voltage for a given current and certain given boundary conditions. The overall effects of the anode-arc root on the plasma flow are, studied by comparing the results with those of the transferred mode of operation. Specific arc-channel diameters are chosen in the simulation in order to verify flit, numerical model through comparisons with experimental results. The results show that Steenbeck's minimum principle is useful for determining the position of the arc-root attachment at the anode surface. Application of this method for control of the arc-anode attachment may be valuable in the design and operation of plasma spray torches to avoid jet instabilities.     

直流电弧自催化合成β-SiC纳米线

采用C,Si和SiO₂为反应原料,利用直流电弧法制备出长直的β-SiC纳米线。纳米线的直径为100～200 nm,长度为10～20 μm,并且沿着<111>方向生长。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微术(SEM)、透射电子显微术(TEM)、拉曼光谱等手段,对β-SiC纳米线进行表征。探讨了β-SiC纳米线自催化气-液-固(VLS)生长机制。     

Hollow fiber supported liquid membrane extraction for ultrasensitive determination of trace lead by portable tungsten coil electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Hollow fiber supported liquid membrane extraction (HF-SLME) was used to separate and enrich trace lead from a large volume of 250 mL water sample to a final tiny volume of 30 μL of 1-octanol, 5 μL of which was inject into a tungsten coil electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer (W-coil ET-AAS) for determination of lead. Some important parameters that influenced the extraction and determination were investigated in detail, such as the concentration of ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC), pH of sample solution, stirring rate, extraction time, pyrolysis current, atomization current, carrier gas flow rate, as well as interferences. Under the optimized conditions, a practical enrichment factor of 499 and a limit of detection (3σ) of 0.2 ng mL^{− 1} were obtained. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.5–10 ng mL^{− 1}. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 5.6% for five measurements of a 4 ng mL^{− 1} lead standard solution. The accuracy of this method was examined by the analysis of certified reference water samples (GBW(E)080398 and GSBZ(E) 50009-88) for lead. Finally, the proposed method was applied to the determination of lead in local tap water, pond water and river water, with recoveries in the range of 96–109% for spiked samples.     

低浓度HPAM/AlCit交联聚合物溶液性质研究

采用粘度法、扫描电镜（SEM）、核孔膜过滤、动态光散射（DLS）和27Al NMR法，研究了高分子量低浓度的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）与柠檬酸铝（AlCit）体系交联反应过程溶液性质变化.结果表明，HPAM与AlCit反应在低剪切速率时体系粘度随反应进行而降低，在剪切速率较高时具有剪切稠化现象，HPAM与AlCit反应过程中交联态Al的自旋 晶格弛豫时间随反应进行变短.低浓度的HPAM与AlCit发生分子内交联反应形成交联聚合物线团（LPC）在水中的分散体系，即交联聚合物溶液（LPS）.交联聚合物溶液中LPC的平均流体力学半径约为238 nm，其形态接近球形，具有多分散性. LPS对1.2 μm核孔膜的封堵程度与其反应时间有关.     

铜掺杂类金刚石纳米点阵列的制备及场发射性能研究

利用磁过滤等离子体结合氧化铝模板(AA0)技术在室温下制备了具有优异场发射性能的铜掺杂类金刚石(DLC)纳米点阵列.微观分析表明,铜掺杂类金刚石纳米点阵列分布均匀,密度高达109cm-2;利用X射线光电子能谱对制备的铜掺杂类金刚石纳米点阵列进行结构分析,测得铜的掺杂量为3.6;且sp3键含量高达60;;通过对铜掺杂类金刚石纳米点阵列的场发射性能测试,试验结果表明,铜掺杂类金刚石纳米点阵列开启电场和阈值电场分别为0.08V/μm,0.42V/μm,并且在电场值为0.67V/μm时,发射电流密度高达95mA/cm2,场发射性能明显优于无掺杂类金刚石纳米点阵列.     

刃型位错和圆弧形刚性线夹杂的干涉效应

位错和夹杂的干涉效应对于理解材料的强化和韧化机理具有十分重要的意义。文中研究了晶体材料中刃型位错和多条共圆弧刚性线夹杂的干涉作用。利用Riemann—Schwarz反照原理和复势函数的奇性主部分析技术，得到了问题的一般解答；对于只含一条刚性线夹杂的情况，给出了复势函数的封闭形式解。由Peach-Koehler公式求出了作用在刃型位错上的位错力，并讨论了圆弧形刚性线夹杂对位错力的影响规律，发现弧形刚性线对刃型位错有很强的排斥作用。本文解答不但可作为格林函数获得任意分布位错的相应解答，而且可以用于研究刚性线夹杂和任意形状裂纹的干涉效应问题。