不同林地清理和培肥措施对桉树人工林植物多样性的影响

【目的】探讨不同林地清理方式下不同培肥措施对植物多样性的作用规律,为桉树人工林的可持续经营提供理论依据。【方法】基于两种不同林地清理(火烧清理和人工清理)和3种不同培肥措施(加炭C、加氮N和套种绿肥)处理试验,比较研究不同林地清理和培肥措施的独立和交互作用对桉树人工林下植物多样性的影响。【结果】火烧清理和人工清理4年后,火烧清理林地的物种丰富度显著低于人工清理林地(P0.001);两种清理方式下加C、加N和套种绿肥均明显改变植物群落的组成和结构,但优势种保持不变,均为蔓生莠竹、弓果黍、小花露籽草和五节芒(套种绿肥中的小花露籽草除外),显著降低植物多样性指数(包括Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数);两种清理方式各处理林下植物功能群谱完全相同,均表现为禾草植物木本植物蕨类植物藤本植物杂草植物入侵植物;两因素方差分析表明,火烧清理和人工清理条件下,加C、加N、套种绿肥处理均极显著影响林下植物多样性指数,林地清理方式与不同处理的交互作用也对林下植物多样性指数产生极显著的影响。【结论】火烧和人工清理林地及加C、加N、套种绿肥等培肥措施对林下植物多样性存在显著影响。从维护生物多样性的视角出发,在桉树人工林的经营中应尽量减少加C、加N和套种绿肥等培肥措施的应用。     

武鸣灵水岩溶泉的水环境变化及管理保护面临的新问题

【目的】以武鸣灵水岩溶泉为例,对调查研究灵水来源及环境地质问题所做的一系列工作进行总结,为其他地区的地下水开发利用和保护提供经验和参考。【方法】综合前期的地面调查、钻探、物探、水化学、水文监测以及示踪试验等多种技术手段,总结灵水岩溶泉的形成及水环境退化的原因和趋势。【结果】确定灵水的补给范围;灵水含水层以网状裂隙排泄为主,呈现集中径流带的特征;枯季灵水的水资源量明显减少;水文功能的弱化导致水生生态系统急剧退化。另外,灵水还面临有害微生物快速繁殖、地下水动力减弱引发河流倒灌更加频繁等亟待解决的问题。【结论】灵水研究的一系列工作既展示了成果,也成为岩溶水源地研究的典范。广西其他岩溶地下水的研究还停留在水质水量的调查评价阶段。建议以灵水为参考,从单纯的无机环境向有机生命环境过渡,以应对变化环境下岩溶地下水资源管理和保护所面临的挑战。     

Betaine and Carnitine Derivatives as Herbicidal Ionic Liquids

This study focused on the synthesis and subsequent characterization of herbicidal ionic liquids based on betaine and carnitine, two derivatives of amino acids, which were used as cations. Four commonly used herbicides (2,4‐D, MCPA, MCPP and Dicamba) were used as anions in simple (single anion) and oligomeric (two anions) salts. The obtained salts were subjected to analyzes regarding physicochemical properties (density, viscosity, refractive index, thermal decomposition profiles and solubility) as well as evaluation of their herbicidal activity under greenhouse and field conditions, toxicity towards rats and biodegradability. The obtained results suggest that the synthesized herbicidal ionic liquids displayed low toxicity (classified as category 4 compounds) and showed similar or improved efficacy against weed compared to reference herbicides. The highest increase was observed during field trials for salts containing 2,4‐D as the anion, which also exhibited the highest biodegradability (>75 %).     

《植病研究法》课程教学改革与实践

《植病研究法》是植物保护专业的一门专业限选课，为适应新时期植病研究方法课程教学改革与发展的需要，针对植病研究法课程的现状及存在问题，探讨改进教学内容、教学方法与手段以及考核方式的有效途径，旨在为提高教学质量、培养学生对植物病理学研究的兴趣及实际应用能力提供参考。     

ePTFE人工血管管壁结构及其体外性能的试验研究

对国内外两组膨体聚四氟乙烯(ePTFE)人工血管从管壁结构、理化性能和生物力学性能进行对比研究.通过试验研究两组人造血管管壁的宏观及微观结构、表面润湿性、结晶度和融熔温度、周/轴向拉伸、顶破拉伸以及手术线固位强力,对比两组样品的性能差异,并分析了导致差异的可能原因,讨论了管壁结构、理化性能与力学特性之间的关系.研究结果表明,国产和进口ePTFE人工血管试样均为双层结构,两者都有良好的疏水性表面和抗水渗透性.但进口试样具有更加规整均匀的节点和纤维形态结构,有利于人工血管的生物耐久性.     

Risk averse decision making under catastrophic risk

A nonstandard probabilistic setting for modeling of the risk of catastrophic events is presented. It allows random variables to take on infinitely large negative values with non-zero probability, which correspond to catastrophic consequences unmeasurable in monetary terms, e.g. loss of human lives. Thanks to this extension, the safety-first principle is proved to be consistent with traditional axioms on a preference relation, such as monotonicity, continuity, and risk aversion. Also, a robust preference relation is introduced, and an example of a monotone robust preference relation, sensitive to catastrophic events in the sense of Chichilnisky (2002), is provided. The suggested setting is demonstrated in evaluating nuclear power plant projects when the probability of a catastrophe is itself a random variable.     

Polyphenols and Fish Oils for Improving Metabolic Health: A Revision of the Recent Evidence for Their Combined Nutraceutical Effects

Polyphenols and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish oils, i.e., eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, are well-recognized nutraceuticals, and their single antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been demonstrated in several studies found in the literature. It has been reported that the combination of these nutraceuticals can lead to three-fold increases in glutathione peroxidase activity, two-fold increases in plasma antioxidant capacity, decreases of 50–100% in lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and urinary 8-isoprotanes, as well as 50–200% attenuation of common inflammation biomarkers, among other effects, as compared to their individual capacities. Therefore, the adequate combination of those bioactive food compounds and their single properties should offer a powerful tool for the design of successfully nutritional interventions for the prevention and palliation of a plethora of human metabolic diseases, frequently diet-induced, whose etiology and progression are characterized by redox homeostasis disturbances and a low-grade of chronic inflammation. However, the certain mechanisms behind their biological activities, in vivo interaction (both between them and other food compounds), and their optimal doses and consumption are not well-known yet. Therefore, we review here the recent evidence accumulated during the last decade about the cooperative action between polyphenols and fish oils against diet-related metabolic alterations, focusing on the mechanisms and pathways described and the effects reported. The final objective is to provide useful information for strategies for personalized nutrition based on these nutraceuticals.     

Strategies for differentiation of isobaric flavonoids using liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Flavonoids are a class of secondary plant metabolites existing in great variety in nature. Due to this variety, identification can be difficult, especially as overlapping compounds in both chromatographic separations and mass spectrometric detection are common. Methods for distinguishing isobaric flavonoids using MS² and MS³ have been developed. Chromatographic separation of various plant extracts was done with RP‐HPLC and detected with positive ESI‐MS operated in information‐dependent acquisition (IDA) mode. Two methods for the determination of flavonoid identity and substitution pattern, both featuring IDA criteria, were used together with the HPLC equipment. A third method where the collision energy was ramped utilized direct infusion. With the developed strategies, it is possible to differentiate between many isobaric flavonoids. Various classes of flavonoids were found in all of the plant extracts, in the red onion extract 45 components were detected and for 29 of them the aglycone was characterized, while the substituents were tentatively identified for 31 of them. For the strawberry extract, those numbers were 66, 30 and 60, and for the cherry extract 99, 56 and 71. The great variety of flavonoids, several of them isobaric, found in each of the extracts highlights the need for reliable methods for flavonoid characterization. Methods capable of differentiating between most of the isobars analyzed have been developed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.